IMMUNITY HOW YOU PROTECT YOUR CELLS, YOUR SELF

THE IMMUNE SYSTEM SYSTEMIC RESPONSES TO SUBSTANCES (ANTIGENS) RECOGNIZED AS FOREIGN NON-SELF ANTIGENS HAVE A PROTEIN BASE EXAMPLES OF: INFECTIOUS AGENTS: VIRUSES, BACTERIA, FUNGI, PARASITES ?PRIONS? ENVIRONMENTAL AGENTS: POLLENS, FOODS, BEE VENOMS

OTHERS: DRUGS, VACCINES (HORSE SERUM, EGG ALBUMIN, OTHER PROTEIN BASES) TRANSPLANTED ORGANS/TISSUES: BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS, SOLID ORGANS, BONE MARROW, SKIN

HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS GENETIC SITE THAT CONTROLS RECOGNITION OF SELF/NON-SELF HLA ANTIGENS/MHC COMPLEX ON UPPER SHORT ARM OF CHROMOSOME 6 A, B, C, D LOCI WITH MULTIPLE ALLELES A, B, C LOCI FOUND ON ALL CELLS EXCEPT RED BLOOD CELLS D LOCUS ON B LYMPHOCYTES, MARCHROPHAGES, EPITHELIAL CCELLS, ETC.

IN HUMANS, INHERITED FROM PARENTS—TESTING DONE TO DETERMINE PATERNITY HAPLOTYPE: THE IDENTITY OF THESE LOCI ON ONE OF THE TWO CHROMOSOMES EVERYONE HAS TWO HAPLOTYPES— ONE FROM EACH PARENT

NATURAL IMMUNITY NO HARM/INURY FROM CERTAIN AGENTS IN THE ENVIRONMENT OTHER ANIMAL SPECIES HAVE—CAN THESE JUMP SPECIES??? HOST DEPENDENT—THERE ARE PEOPLE WHO DO NOT DEVELOP AIDS EVEN WITH KNOWN EXPOSURE—GENETIC DIFFERENCE??

PASSIVE ACQUIRED IMMUNITY ANTIBODIES PASSED FROM MOTHER IN UTERO; TRANSMITTED VIA BREASTMILK ADMINISTRATION OF IMMUNE SERUM: HUMAN ANTIBODIES (FROM ANOTHER) GIVEN IN FORM OF IM INJECTION: TETANUS ANTITOXIN, HEPATITIS B IMMUNE GLOBULIN

ACTIVE ACQUIRED IMMUNITY ANTIBODIES FORMED BY THE HOST AFTER EXPOSURE TO AN ANTIGEN ACTIVE INFECTION WITH THE ANTIGEN— COLDS, FLU, CYTOMEGALOVIRUS, HEPATITIS B, RUBELLA IMMUNIZATION WITH THE ANTIGEN TO STIMULATE ANTIBODY FORMATION DPT, RUBELLA, POLIO, HEPATITIS A, HEPATITIS B, ETC.

THE CELLS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM IMMUNE RESPONSE

ANTIGEN—A PROTEIN SUBSTANCE CAPABLE OF INDUCING AN IMMUNE RESPONSE WITH FORMATION OF ANTIBODY IMMUNOCYTES: LYMPHOCYTES: FROM STEM CELLS—SMALL, ROUND TYPE OF WHITE BLOOD CELL WHEN MIGRATE THROUGH LYMPHATIC TISSUE, MATURE AND DIFFERENTIATE TO T-CELLS B-CELLS FIGURE 6-4

ANTIGENICITY & IMMUNOGENICITY ANTIGEN --REACT WITH ANTIBODIES DUE TO THEIR STRUCTURE—INNATE CAPACITY TO CAUSE A REACTION IMMUNOGEN—CAN INDUCE A REACTION BUT NOT NECESSARILY—DEPENDENT ON OTHER VARIABLES

B-LYMPHOCYTES (B- CELLS) WHEN ENCOUNTER AN ANTIGEN, THEY MATURE TO PLASMA CELLS PLASMA CELLS PRODUCE ANTIBODIES CONFER HUMORAL IMMUNITY (FIG 6- 8) MEMORY CELLS—ALWAYS HAVE THE ABILITY TO RECOGNIZE THAT FOREIGN ANTIGEN AND MAKE NEW ANTIBODIES TO DESTROY IT

BOOSTER VACCINATIONS ASSURE MEMORY CELLS ARE STILL AVAILABLE BY INTRODUCING THE ANTIGEN IF ANTIBODY TITERS ARE NEVER MEASURED, THERE IS POSSIBILITY THAT ONE HAS NOT RESPONDED TO ANTIGEN EXPOSURE

HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSE ANTIBODIES (AKA) IMMUNOGLOBULINS SERUM GLYOPROTEINS—MANUFACTURED BY PLASMA CELLS 5 CLASSES OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS (TABLE 6-2) IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE STRUCTURE OF EACH IS DIFFERENT (FIG 6-10) BINDS TO ANTIGEN—CELL MEMBRANE

FUNCTION OF ANTIBODIES NEUTRALIZE BACTERIAL TOXINS NEUTRALIZE VIRUSES OPSONIZING BACTERIA (PROMOTE PHAGOCYTOSIS) ACTIVATE COMPONENTS OF INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE

ACTION OF ANTIBODIES ON ANTIGENS AGGLUTINATION OF THE ANTIGEN PRECIPITATION NEUTRALIZATION DETERMINED BY CLASS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF ANTIGEN ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY COMPLEXES/IMMUNE COMPLEXES FORMED PHAGOCYTOSIS CAN OCCUR PLASMA PROTEINS CAN DESTROY THE ANTIGEN

SECRETORY IMMUNE SYSTEM RWESPOND TO ANTIGENS THAT INVADE THROUGH NON- CIRCULATORY ROUTES LUNGS, ORAL (GI), SKIN, MUCOUS MEMBRANE FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE

T-LYMPHOCYTES (T- CELLS) MIGRATE THROUGH THE THYMUS GLAND TO BECOME SPECIFIC RECOGNITION OF SPECIFIC ANTIGENS—DIRECT DESTRUCTION OF THOSE ANTIGENS THEN THEY DISAPPEAR—HAVE NO MEMORY CELL FORMATION—NO ANTIBODIES THAT REMAIN IN BODY RESPONSIBLE FOR CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY

CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNE RESPONSE TYPES OF T-CELLS LYMPHOKINE-PRODUCING CELLS CYTOTOXIC CELLS HELPER T CELLS SUPPRESSOR T CELLS

ACTION OF T-CELLS DIRECT CELLULAR KILLING OF TARGET CELLS (VIRALLY INFECTED CELLS, TUMORS, ORGAN GRAFTS) DIRECT BINDING WITH THE TARGET CELL DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY PRODUCE LYMPHOKINES THAT INFLUENCE THE FORMATION/ACTION OF MACROPHAGES

MEMORY CELLS—ACCELERATED RESPONSE TO SECOND ANTIGENIC CHALLENGE CONTROL OF HUMORAL AND CELL- MEDIATED IMMUNE RESPONSE BY PRODUCTION OF HELP AND SUPPRESSOR CELLS

TO HAVE AN IMMUNE RESPONSE, THE ANTIGEN PRESENTED MUST HAVE AN HLA CLASS/MUST BE WITH MOLECULES OF CLASS I OR II HLA FIGURE 6-16 FIGURE 6-18

IMMUNE RESPONSES ACROSS THE LIFESPAN INFANTS HAVE UNDERDEVELOPED IMMUNE FUNCTION ELDERS LOSE T CELL FUNCTION (NOT # OF) BUT MAINTAIN CIRCULATING ANTIBODIES DEMONSTRATE DECREASED DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY RESPONSE

BLOOD GROUP ANTIGENS A,B,O,AB WITH Rh, AND OTHER MINOR ANTIGENS SAME PRINCIPLE, DIFFERENT SYSTEM ANTIGEN—ANTIBODY RESPONSE— ”TRANSFUSION REACTION” SIMILAR SELF-NON-SELF RESPONSE

STRESS AND DISEASE THE STRESS RESPONSE FIGURE 9-1 TABLE 9-1 FIGURE 9-2 FIGURE 9-3 PSYCHONEUROIMMUNOLOGY