ERGONOMY Dr Majid Golabadi.

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Presentation transcript:

ERGONOMY Dr Majid Golabadi

Terminology ERGO = WORK NOMOUS = LAW

4/25/2017 6:35:20 PM Ergonomics A science that focuses on human capabilities and limitations in the design of work tasks, workstations, tools and equipment. ZIP:\PowerPoint 7.0\Ergonomics Overview

People Are Different 4/25/2017 6:35:20 PM ZIP:\PowerPoint 7.0\Ergonomics Overview

People Have Physical Limitations 4/25/2017 6:35:20 PM People Have Physical Limitations ZIP:\PowerPoint 7.0\Ergonomics Overview

People Have Emotional Limitations 4/25/2017 6:35:20 PM People Have Emotional Limitations ZIP:\PowerPoint 7.0\Ergonomics Overview

NIOSH: The science of fitting workplace conditions and job demands to the capabilities of the working population

Ergonomics a Multidisciplinary Science

Anthropometry: Definition: Anthropometry is the measure of man (anthro=man, pometry=measure). The study of anthropometry is the study of human body measurements to assist in understanding human physical variations and aid in anthropological classification.

Ergonomy classification: Micro Ergonomy. Macro Ergonomy.

Micro Ergonomics: Human Technology Interface: 1- Man-Machine Interface ( Hardware Ergonomics) 2-Human-System Interface ( Software Ergonomics) Human Environment Interface: (Environmental Ergonomics )

Human-Organization Interface Technology-Organization Interface Macro Ergonomics: Human-Organization Interface Technology-Organization Interface

Intervention types Workstation Improvement ( physical changes ) Operators Training (qualitative changes of operator’s conception and skill ) Work Organization (Improving person-person, and person-machine interaction ) Technology (Improving person-technology)

Ergonomic Risk Factors 4/25/2017 6:35:20 PM Ergonomic Risk Factors ZIP:\PowerPoint 7.0\Ergonomics Overview

Work related Musculoskeletal Disorders

Awkward Posture Deviations from neutral positions. 4/25/2017 6:35:20 PM Awkward Posture Deviations from neutral positions. The greater the degree of deviation, the higher the risk. ZIP:\PowerPoint 7.0\Ergonomics Overview

Natural Posture امتداد خط مستقيم فرضي از گوش تا مچ پا كمترين فشار بيومكانيكي و تنش به بافت‌هاي دستگاه اسكلتي ـ عضلاني ميانه دامنه حركتي ايمن‌ترين وضعيت بدني حداكثر راندمان كاري

THE HEAD AND NECK NEUTRAL FLEXION EXTENSION

THE TORSO AND BACK FLEXED TORSO NEUTRAL EXTENDED TORSO AND BACK

THE ELBOW AND SHOULDER NEUTRAL ELBOW FLEXION ELBOW EXTENSION 90-110’ <90’ >110’

THE HAND AND WRIST NEUTRAL EXTENSION FLEXION ULNAR DEVIATION RADIAL

4/25/2017 6:35:20 PM ZIP:\PowerPoint 7.0\Ergonomics Overview

4/25/2017 6:35:20 PM ZIP:\PowerPoint 7.0\Ergonomics Overview

Improvements

Static/Sustained Posture 4/25/2017 6:35:20 PM Static/Sustained Posture When a worker must maintain an unsupported position for an extended period of time. ZIP:\PowerPoint 7.0\Ergonomics Overview

4/25/2017 6:35:20 PM End Range Posture Refers to moving a joint as far as it will go or close to its maximum. Stress is on the muscles, tendons and ligaments as they are stretched to end range. ZIP:\PowerPoint 7.0\Ergonomics Overview

4/25/2017 6:35:20 PM ZIP:\PowerPoint 7.0\Ergonomics Overview

Forceful Exertions 4/25/2017 6:35:20 PM ZIP:\PowerPoint 7.0\Ergonomics Overview

4/25/2017 6:35:20 PM Forceful Exertions The amount of work the joints, muscles, and tendons must do to perform the task. The higher the force, the more risk of fatigue, loss of strength, and injury to muscles, tendons and joints. ZIP:\PowerPoint 7.0\Ergonomics Overview

بارهای نسبتا سبک اگر دور از بدن نگاه داشته شوند ایجاد فشار آسیب رسان بر روی مهره های تحتانی کمر میکنند

میزان وزن بار همیشه باید کمتر از 23 کیلوگرم باشد نکته بسیار مهم میزان وزن بار همیشه باید کمتر از 23 کیلوگرم باشد

بهترین شرائط بلند کردن بار باید بتوان بار را در نزدیکی بدن نگاه داشت ارتفاع اولیه بار از زمین ، قبل از بلند کردن ، باید حدود 75 سانتیمتر باشد تغییر مکان بار به صورت عمودی نباید از 25 سانتیمتر بیشتر باشد امکان برداشتن بار با هر دو دست باید میسر باشد بار باید دارای جای دست یا دسته باشد بدن هنگام بلند کردن بار باید آزاد باشد در هنگام بلند کردن بار نباید بدن را چرخاند در هر 5 دقیقه نباید بیش از یک مرتبه نسبت به بلند کردن بار اقدام کرد عمل بلند کردن بار نباید بیشتر از یک ساعت طول بکشد و پس از آن حتما باید وقفه ای جهت استراحت یا انجام کارهای سبکتر در نظر گرفته شود

افرادی که بیش از 150 بار عمل بلند کردن بار را در روز انجام میدهند در خطر بالائی از بروز کمر درد قرار دارند بلند کردن بار همراه با خم کردن تنه و چرخاندن تنه شایعترین علت بروز کمر درد میباشد در صورتی که عمل بلند کردن بار خصوصیات زیر را داشته باشد ، صدمات اسکلتی عضلانی و شدت صدمه افزایش می یابد : سنگین بودن بار ، حجیم بودن بار ، روی زمین قرار داشتن بار ، مکرر بودن عمل بلند کردن بار

الف : نادرست ب :درست ج :درست

4/25/2017 6:35:20 PM Repetition Refers to a task or series of motions performed over and over again with very little variation. ZIP:\PowerPoint 7.0\Ergonomics Overview

4/25/2017 6:35:20 PM Contact Stress An outside force coming in contact with the soft or unprotected part of the employee’s body. The amount of damage is dependent on the sensitivity of the exposed body part. ZIP:\PowerPoint 7.0\Ergonomics Overview

4/25/2017 6:35:20 PM ZIP:\PowerPoint 7.0\Ergonomics Overview

4/25/2017 6:35:20 PM Vibration ZIP:\PowerPoint 7.0\Ergonomics Overview

Vibration Damage to blood vessels Increased muscle fatigue 4/25/2017 6:35:20 PM Vibration Damage to blood vessels Increased muscle fatigue Damage to spine Vision problems Headaches Insomnia ZIP:\PowerPoint 7.0\Ergonomics Overview

Vibration Reduce the vibration/modify speed Equipment maintenance Vehicle suspension systems Reduced exposure Rest breaks Adequate padding/absorption system Education ZIP:\PowerPoint 7.0\Ergonomics Overview

4/25/2017 6:35:20 PM Environmental ZIP:\PowerPoint 7.0\Ergonomics Overview

Environmental Factors 4/25/2017 6:35:20 PM Environmental Factors Temperature Noise Lighting Air Quality ZIP:\PowerPoint 7.0\Ergonomics Overview

Hazard Prevention and Control 4/25/2017 6:35:20 PM Hazard Prevention and Control Design of the Work Station Design of the Work Task Design of the Tools/Equipment ZIP:\PowerPoint 7.0\Ergonomics Overview