THE CELL

Animal Cell nucleus rough endoplasmic reticulum nucleolus Golgi apparatus nuclear membrane Golgi vesicle nucleus chromatin smooth endoplasmic reticulum nucleoplasm ribosome lysosome vacuole mitochondrion cell membrane centrioles cytoplasm

Plant Cell vacuole chloroplast cell wall rough endoplasmic reticulum mitochondrion ribosome chromatin cell membrane nucleoplasm cytoplasm nucleolus

Structures of a Cell How many do you remember Structures of a Cell How many do you remember? Close all books and notes : ) cell wall ribosomes cilia / flagellum nuclear membrane large vacuole cell membrane cytoskeleton cytoplasm small vacuole centrioles secretory vesicles nucleolus mitochondria lysosome Golgi apparatus chloroplast nucleoplasm (chromosomes) nuclear pores rough endoplasmic reticulum smooth endoplasmic reticulum

ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL

Switch with a partner! Place a small checkmark next to the correct answers. Put their score out of 20 in the right hand corner. 1. 11. 2. 12. 3. 13. 4. 14. 5. 15. 6. 16. 7. 17. 8. 18. 9. 19. 10. 20. nucleolus ribosomes nucleoplasm (chromosomes) cytoskeleton nuclear pores cell membrane nuclear membrane cell wall small vacuole centrioles secretory vesicles large vacuole Golgi apparatus lysosome mitochondria chloroplast smooth endoplasmic reticulum cilia / flagellum rough endoplasmic reticulum cytoplasm

VIDEO April 25, 2017

The Cell Membrane (also called Plasma Membrane) The cell membrane is made up of two layers of phospholipids. One Phospholipid Molecule polar head (dissolve in water or soluble in water) non polar tails (do not dissolve in water or insoluble in water)   Therefore, the head is attracted to water and the tails are not attracted to water.

The Cell Membrane Aside from phospholipids, the cell membrane also contains many other molecules such as carbohydrates and proteins. protein channel - tunnels that allow water or specific small ions in/out of cell

Fluid Mosaic Model of the Cell Membrane The cell membrane is a mosaic because it is made up of many pieces, just like a mosaic. It is fluid because of the phospholipid structure. carbohydrate integral protein peripheral protein phospholipid phopholipid bilayer fatty acid tails phosphate head protein channel

The Cell Membrane The plasma membrane regulates what enters and leaves the cell.

General Structure of a Cell Cells are the basic structural and functional units of life. Cells are bathed in an aqueous solution called extracellular fluid. There are many different kinds of cells, which are specialized to carry out particular functions. In spite of this, cells have many common features. April 25, 2017 12

Cell Part Function Plant, animal or both cell membrane semi-permeable controls what enters/leaves composed of phospholipid bilayer, proteins, carbohydrates cell wall tough rigid outer boundary protection cytoplasm fluid that the cell organelles are suspended in make proteins both plant both ribosomes both

Cell Part Function Plant, animal or both smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) canals throughout cytoplasm to transport materials make fats canals with ribosomes attached (area for protein synthesis) Golgi apparatus stacks of membranes which modify protein for secretion (export) packages them into vesicles lysosomes contain enzymes (proteins) that can break down molecules (food, bacteria, wastes, the cell itself) both both rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) both animal

Cell Part Function Plant, anim or both mitochondria powerhouse of the cell produces energy (cellular respiration) chloroplast free-floating membrane-bound sac where photosynthesis occurs large (plants), small (animals) membrane-bound sacs filled with water turgor pressure both plant vacuoles both genetic material contains instruction for what proteins to make DNA/chromatin/chromosome both

Cell Part Function Plantanimal or both control centre of the cell directs all of the cell’s activities nuclear membrane (1.) porous double membrane separates nucleus from cytoplasm nucleoplasm (2.) a mixture of chemicals that stores information rich in nucleic acids nucleolus (3.) dense body in the centre of the nucleus thought to make ribosomes nucleus both both both both

Organelles and Digestion There are several organelles involved in the process of digestion. Some vesicles formed in the Golgi apparatus are called lysosomes. Lysosomes are found only in animal cells. Lysosomes contain special proteins called enzymes which help them digest food by breaking it down into its building blocks. Food particles brought into the cell (through the cell membrane) from extracellular fluid may be digested this way. Potentially harmful microorganisms, such as bacteria and viruses can force themselves into a cell. Lysosomes can digest the harmful organisms so the cell is not harmed. When an animal cell gets old, lysosomes break open and decompose the entire cell. The organism then uses the resulting compounds to build new cells.

Organelles and Cellular Respiration There is one main organelle involved in the process of cellular respiration. Many important chemical reactions occur in the mitochondria. These reactions contribute to cellular respiration, a series of chemical changes that produce compounds that cells use as a source of energy. Cells that require large amounts of energy, such as muscle cells in animals and root tip cells in plants, usually contain large numbers of mitochondria. Cells that do not require large amounts of energy, such as most fat cells in animals and leaf cells in plants, have smaller numbers of mitochondria.

Organelles and Protein Synthesis There are several organelles involved in the process of protein synthesis. Ribosomes are organelles used by the cell to produce proteins (protein synthesis). Ribosomes are either floating in the cytoplasm or attached to membranes (ER). Free-floating ribosomes produce proteins that are used inside the cell, and membrane-attached ribosomes manufacture proteins for use outside the cell. Ribosomes are so small that they appear as small fuzzy dots under the microscope. The endoplasmic reticulum is a complicated system of membranous tubes and canals that connect with the nuclear envelope. There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum: rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), containing attached ribosomes, and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER), with no ribosomes. Because the RER contains ribosomes, many proteins are manufactured in it.

General Structure of a Cell Homework page 15 # 2, 3, 4, 6