GATEWAY Biology Content Review

Characteristics of Living Things  Reproduce  Grow  Develop  Need food/require energy  Made of cells  Respond to their environment  Adapt to their environment

Cells and Heredity Cell Theory  All living things are made of cells.  The cell is the basic unit of structure and function.  All cells come from pre- existing cells.

Organelles and Cell Parts  Cell Membrane (Plasma membrane) –Surrounds cell –Selective barrier –Controls what substances enter and exit the cell

Organelles and Cell Parts  Cytoplasm –Jelly-like material that fills the cell –Molecular “soup” holds all organelles

Organelles and Cell Parts  Ribosomes: –Site of protein synthesis (where proteins are made)

Organelles and Cell Parts  Golgi Apparatus –Prepares proteins that will leave the animal cell or be placed in the plasma membrane –“Post Office” of the cell

Organelles and Cell Parts  Mitochondria –Powerhouse of the cell –Site of cellular respiration which produces ATP from sugars (glucose)

Organelles and Cell Parts  Lysosome –Digest macromolecules –Single celled organisms—eating, digest food –Digest/recycle old organelles; “stomach of the cell” –Immune system

Organelles and Cell Parts  Centrosome –Produces microtubules during cell division. Microtubules control the movement of chromosomes.

Organelles and Cell Parts  Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum –Transport of materials such as proteins –Ribosomes attached –Production of proteins occurs on ribosomes

Organelles and Cell Parts  Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum –Transport of materials such as proteins –No ribosomes attached –Production of lipids

Organelles and Cell Parts  Nucleus –Stores/protects DNA –“Brain” of the cell

Organelles and Cell Parts  Nuclear Envelope (Membrane) –Membrane that surrounds the nucleus

Organelles and Cell Parts  Nucleolus –Found in the nucleus –Produces ribosomal RNA (rRNA) which forms ribosomes

Organelles and Cell Parts  DNA –Deoxyribonucleic Acid –Contains genes/hereditary information –Determines structure of proteins

Organelles and Cell Parts  Chloroplast –Site of photosynthesis, which stores the sun’s energy in sugars (glucose) –Found in plants

Organelles and Cell Parts  Vacuole –Storage –Waste, nutrients, water, ions

Organelles and Cell Parts  Cell Wall –Supports and protects plant cells, bacteria, fungi, some protists –Allows cell to exist in hypotonic environment

Organelles and Cell Parts  Cilia and Flagella –Movement (locomotion)

Organelles and Cell Parts  Microfilaments and Microtubules –Structural components, “skeleton” of the cell

Cellular Classification Unicellular Organisms –Single celled –Bacteria, archaea, some protists (euglena, paramecium, amoeba) Multicellular Organisms –More than one cell –Plants, animals, fungi, some protists

Cellular Classification Eukaryote –Nucleus present –Linear DNA –Single or multi-celled –Membrane bound organelles –Plants, Animals, Fungi, Protists Prokaryote –No nucleus –Circular DNA –No membrane bound organelles –Single celled –“Primitive” –Bacteria, Archaea

Cellular Classification Plant –Eukaryotic –Cell wall (cellulose) –Vacuole, chloroplast –No lysosome, no centrioles Animal –Eukaryotic –Lysosomes, centrioles –No cell wall, no vacuole, no chloroplast

Prokaryote Cells Eukaryote PlantAnimalFungi Protists Bacteria Archaea

Practice  Which of the kingdoms contain only multicellular organisms? –Plant, Animal  Which of the kingdoms contain only single-celled organisms? –Bacteria, Archaea  Which of the kingdoms contain both single-celled and multicellular organisms? –Fungi, Protist Archaea 

Practice: Decide whether each of the following is unicellular or multicellular, prokaryotic or eukaryotic; and state the kingdom to which belongs.  Human –M/E/Animal  Cat –M/E/Animal  Bacteria –U/P/Bacteria  Oak Tree –M/E/Plant  Goldfish –M/E/Animal

Practice: Decide whether each of the following is unicellular or multicellular, prokaryotic or eukaryotic; and state the kingdom to which belongs.  Euglena –U/E/Protist  Mushroom –M/E/Fungi  Fly –M/E/Animal  Snake –M/E/Animal  Paramecium –U/E/Protist

Practice: Decide whether each of the following is unicellular or multicellular, prokaryotic or eukaryotic; and state the kingdom to which belongs.  Daffodil –M/E/Plant  Cyanobacteria –U/E/Protist  Virus –None  Kelp –M/E/Protist

ARE VIRUSES ALIVE?  Not considered alive by many biologists:  Not cells  Not able to reproduce independently (use host cell) (use host cell)  Do infect living cells  Can make copies of themselves  Made of core of DNA or RNA surrounded by protein coat  HIV Virus: