Caroline Fletcher Advisor: Dan Karmgard

 Astrophysics  Compact Muon Solenoid

 Observational Astronomy  Telescope alignment  Celestron 8-inch.  Image taking  SBIG ST-8XECCD camera and attached it to the Celestron CPC inch Schmidt-Cassegrain telescope.

 Cartoon Muon Solenoid Program :  Components:  Image  This is a three dimensional image of the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) detector.  Can rotate and view every inch of the detector while studying the variety of events. CMS

 Graphic Controls  Controls the transparency of each detector part.  Detectable Path  This is the actual physics. (The vector sum of Transverse momentum in the x-y plane) CMS

 Event type  EM: Electrons/Positrons/Photons  These stop in the Ecal  HD: Charged pions/neutral kaons  These stop in the Hcal  Mu: Muons/Neutrions  These travel through the entire detector.  Charge  Determines the shape of the track.  0 = straight line  -1/+1 bend in the opposite direction.  P x /P y /P z  The charge determines the direction and the momentum determines the amount of curvature.  This will only occur in the x-y plane due to the solenoid being oriented along the z-axis.  Vertex  Where the collision occurred (0 cm) CMS

 Underlying Event  This allows you to see EVERYTHING!! (HELP ME)  Avg Bkg  The average background value is used as the average of a flat distribution.  Lower number = less realistic  P t Cut  This filter allows you to concentrate on the transverse momentum.  Higher momentum = less tracks  Track  Number assigned to each track.  Color  This enables you to “pin-point” the exact track you wish to study when concentrating on momentum.  Help and Home  Self explanatory! CMS

 Color Code  Since tracks are generated without your interaction, colors have been assigned to particle type  Electrons = Green  Photons = Light Blue  Hadrons = Yellow  Muons = Red  Neutrinos = Dark Blue CMS

 Track information  Hold shift and left mouse together, and a box will appear.  p z = Momentum on the z-axis  p T = Transverse Momentum  φ = Angular displacement  ɳ = Efficiency  VTX = Vertex  M = Mass  E = Energy  ID = Particle CMS

 Hard Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD)  Hadron-Hadron collisions and predicted by the perturbation theory.  Fragment into jets. pT Cut (MeV) = 0 pT Cut (GeV) = 5

 Top Quark  The heaviest of all six which makes it very short lived.  The been has to be at least 7 TeV.  Decay into W-boson and a bottom quark. pT Cut (GeV) = 5 pT Cut (MeV) = 0

 LeptoQuark  Hypothetical Particle (Do I need to say more?)  pp collisions with energies around 7 TeV. Being heavy, these particles decay very quickly into one of three generations. pT Cut (GeV) = 5 pT Cut (MeV) = 0

 Standard Model (SM) Higgs  This particle has no spin, electric charge, or color change with mass around 125 GeV/c 2.  Unstable = Quick Decay  Many believe that this particle explains why some particles are massive and others mass-less.  Most probable decays:  b-quark-b-antiquark, charmed quark-charmed antiquark, or tau-anti-tau.  Other possibilities:  WW and ZZ, although these particles will also undergo another stage of decay (lepton-anti-lepton, neutron-anti- neutron, quark-anti-quark)

pT Cut (MeV) = 0 pT Cut (GeV) = 5

 Prompt Photons  pp collisions and are detected in the eCal.  Because they do not fragment into jets, we can achieve a more accurate picture of these photons.  Two processes  Low p T  The quark gluon Compton Scattering process dominates.  High p T  Quark anti-quark annihilation dominates.  As the curves steepness decreases, the p T will increases.

pT Cut (MeV) = 0 pT Cut (GeV) = 5

 Weak Boson Exchange  W and Z particles that are the carrier of the electromagnetic force.  We only see the decay particles!  There are 24 possibilities with only 21 that are visible.  Most common: quark-antiquark pair which you can see as jets.

pT Cut (MeV) = 0 pT Cut (GeV) = 5

pT Cut (MeV) = 0 pT Cut (GeV) = 5

pT Cut (MeV) = 0 pT Cut (GeV) = 5

pT Cut (MeV) = 0 pT Cut (GeV) = 5

 CMS public data (The REAL thing!!!!)  How to choose your data set  Select data file: Choose which type of event you would like to research.  Event: Public released data usually in sequential order.  Muon Filters:  Tracker is the inner most part of the detector, and the muons that are detected in this section produce ambiguous results in all other parts of the detector.  Stand Alone: This type of muon is detected in the spectrometer and has no detection in the tracker. These muons are more than likely produced from a decay and are also accompanied with a jet.  Global: This type of muon is measured in all sections of the detector.

 Jet cones: The cones indicate that there are many particles traveling together in the same direction away from the same source. This is also a sign that a quark collision may have just occurred. You may check this box for on/off view.  Jet Hadrons:  Quarks or Gluons have been knocked out of the proton.

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