Cell Organelles

The Work of Cells Cells must perform many important jobs for an organism to live: gas exchange: O2 in & CO2 out digest food - - - breakdown macromolecules, starch into glucose make energy --- breakdown glucose into ATP build molecules - - - build macromolecules remove wastes - - - CO2, water, lactic acid

Organelles do the work of cells Each organelle has a specific job Eukaryotic cells contain specialized structures that perform specific functions. Organelles - are membrane-bound structures within the cell that have specific functions. Organelles do the work of cells Each organelle has a specific job

The cell is like a factory. Cells, like factories, follow instructions and produce products. General Motors Plant

The different organelles can be compared to the in assembly lines of the factory. specialized machines

Which macromolecule is the workhorse of the cell? PROTEINS

SEVERAL ORGANELLES ARE INVOLVED IN MAKING AND PROCESSING PROTEINS: SEVERAL ORGANELLES ARE INVOLVED IN MAKING AND PROCESSING PROTEINS: Nucleus Nucleolus Ribosomes Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Vesicles

Nucleus large, round organelle located in the center of the cell.

the instructions for making proteins. The nucleus is the storehouse for DNA. DNA DNA contains the genetic information, the instructions for making proteins.

Function of the Nucleus:. (1) a storehouse ---DNA is stored and is Function of the Nucleus: (1) a storehouse ---DNA is stored and is available for use when needed. (2) a safe --- DNA is isolated and protected from possible damage.

The nucleus is like the in a factory. main office

Prokaryotic Cells have no nucleus and no organelles but they do have DNA

Nucleolus organelle located inside the nucleus. makes ribosomes.

Ribosomes --- protein machines! small structures that make proteins for the cell. protein

Ribosomes make   proteins! Ribosomes protein

Ribosomes can be found: free in the cytoplasm Where they make proteins for use inside the cell.

Ribosomes can be found: attached to the ER --- Rough ER makes proteins that will be exported out of the cell.

Endoplasmic Reticulum   Endoplasmic reticulum-- ER an extensive interconnected network of highly folded membranes. Endoplasmic Reticulum

Endoplasmic reticulum-- ER There are two types of ER: Rough ER – has attached ribosomes and Smooth ER – has no ribosomes

Rough ER Function: To make proteins for export out of cell

What is the function of the small intestine? Digestion What is the function of the small intestine? What is the function of the pancreas?

What is the function of the pancreas? To make digestive enzymes (proteins) to be transported out of the pancreas for use in the small intestine.

Pancreatic cells have a large amount of rough ER because they must make digestive enzymes (proteins) and export them to the small intestine.

Rough ER makes proteins for export out of cell Proteins made by the attached ribosomes enter the ER, are modified, are put into vesicles, and are transported to the Golgi apparatus.

Smooth ER --- Function:. To makes lipids & Smooth ER --- Function: To makes lipids & to break down toxic substances.

There are many lipids Smooth ER …fats, oils, and cholesterol. Smooth ER makes lipids and the Golgi apparatus exports them out of cell to their proper destinations. Smooth ER Vesicle w/Lipid

Smooth ER also breaks down toxic substances such as alcohol, drugs, and poisons so they can be eliminated by the body.

Liver cells have large amounts of smooth ER. make cholesterol. A lipid Liver cells also break down toxins so they can be expelled from the body. cholesterol toxins

Golgi apparatus a set of flattened, membrane-bound sacs. Looks like a stack of pita bread Golgi apparatus

Golgi apparatus --- Post Office of the cell It is the packaging and distribution center of the cell. Golgi apparatus

Proteins and lipids generally move from the ER to the Golgi apparatus. In the Golgi, proteins and lipids are modified, packaged, and delivered to their appropriate destinations.

The golgi apparatus ________________, ________________, and FUNCTION: The golgi apparatus ________________, ________________, and ______________________________________ modifies proteins packages proteins delivers proteins to their proper destinations. Golgi apparatus

Vesicles small, membrane-bound sacs that store and transport substances in the cell. such as proteins and lipids are stored and transported within vesicles. Vesicles

SUMMARY: (1) A protein is made in rough ER. (4) The protein is modified and packaged in a new vesicle for transport. (1) (4) (2) Part of the ER pinches off to form a vesicle enclosing the protein. (3) The protein-vesicle travels to and merges with the Golgi. (2) (3)

OTHER ORGANELLES HAVE VARIOUS FUNCTIONS:. Mitochondria. Chloroplasts OTHER ORGANELLES HAVE VARIOUS FUNCTIONS: Mitochondria Chloroplasts Lysosomes Vacuoles

Mitochondria organelles that make energy for the cell in the form of ATP.

Mitochondria makes power ---makes energy. Powerhouse of the Cell The mighty mitochondria makes power ---makes energy.

Mitochondria convert organic compounds you eat into ATP, the main energy source of cells.

Mitochondria Cellular Respiration: C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O + ATP Where glucose is broken down to make energy, ATP.

Some cells have a few mitochondria… some have hundreds or even thousands. Brain cells and muscle cells have a large amount of mitochondria because they require a lot of energy.

Chloroplast oval-shaped, green organelles found only in the cells of plants and algae. Chloroplast

Chloroplast contain chlorophyll, a green pigment that absorbs light energy. Makes leaves GREEN!

Chloroplasts carry out photosynthesis. --- make food for the cell Chloroplasts carry out photosynthesis --- make food for the cell. Photosynthesis: CO2 + H2O + light energy C6H12O6 + O2   carbon dioxide + + + water sunlight glucose oxygen

Lysosomes small membrane-bound sacs that contain enzymes used to digest macromolecules. REMEMBER… Lysosomes contain Enzymes! Lysosomes

Function: break down and recycle old cell parts (organelles) by breaking down macromolecules. lysosome Old or damaged organelle

Lysosomes also defend a cell from invading bacteria and viruses by engulfing and destroying the pathogens.

Amoeba engulfing food particles

Central vacuole very large sac found in plant cells that stores water.

When full, the water vacuole makes the cell rigid and helps support the plant. When a plant wilts, its leaves shrivel because there is not enough water in the central vacuole to support the leaf.

Structures found only in plant cells (1) Cell wall (2) chloroplast (3) Central vacuole Central vacuole Cell wall Chloroplast