Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 1 Chapter 18 Nomadic Empires and Eurasian Integration

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 2 Nomadic Economy and Society Rainfall in central Asia too little to support large- scale agriculture Rainfall in central Asia too little to support large- scale agriculture Grazing animals thrive, central Asians turn to animal herding Grazing animals thrive, central Asians turn to animal herding –Food –Clothing –Shelter (yurts) Migratory patterns to follow pastureland Migratory patterns to follow pastureland Small-scale farming, rudimentary artisanry Small-scale farming, rudimentary artisanry

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 3 Nomads in Mongolia

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 4 Nomads in Mongolia

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 5 Nomadic groups today

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 6 Turkish Migrations Spoke same language Spoke same language Never organized into a single homogeneous group Never organized into a single homogeneous group Migrated to central Asia, Persia, Anatolia, and India Migrated to central Asia, Persia, Anatolia, and India

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 7 Nomadic Economy Trade links between nomadic and settled peoples Trade links between nomadic and settled peoples Nomads engage in long-distance travel Nomads engage in long-distance travel –Caravan routes

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 8 Nomadic Society Governance basically clan-based Governance basically clan-based Charismatic individuals become nobles, occasionally assert authority Charismatic individuals become nobles, occasionally assert authority Unusually fluid status for nobility Unusually fluid status for nobility –Hereditary, but could be lost through incompetence –Advancement for meritorious non-nobles

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 9 Nomadic Religion Shamans center of pagan worship Shamans center of pagan worship Appeal of Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Islam, Manichaeism from 6 th century CE Appeal of Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Islam, Manichaeism from 6 th century CE Turkish script developed, partially to record religious teachings Turkish script developed, partially to record religious teachings Conversion to Islam in 10 th century due to Abbasid influence Conversion to Islam in 10 th century due to Abbasid influence

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 10 Military Organization Large confederations under a khan Large confederations under a khan Authority extended through tribal elders Authority extended through tribal elders Exceptionally strong cavalries Exceptionally strong cavalries –Mobility –Speed

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 11 Turkish empires and their neighbors about 1210 CE

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 12 Saljuq Turks and the Abbasid Empire 8-10 th centuries Turkish peoples on border of Abbasid empire 8-10 th centuries Turkish peoples on border of Abbasid empire –Service in Abbasid armies Eventually came to dominate Abbasid caliphs Eventually came to dominate Abbasid caliphs 1055 Saljuq leader Tughril Beg recognized as sultan 1055 Saljuq leader Tughril Beg recognized as sultan Tughril consolidated his hold on Baghdad, then extended rule to other parts of the empire Tughril consolidated his hold on Baghdad, then extended rule to other parts of the empire Abbasid caliphs served as figure heads of authority Abbasid caliphs served as figure heads of authority

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 13 Saljuq Turks and the Byzantine Empire 1071 Saljuq Turks defeat Byzantine army at Manzikert, take emperor captive 1071 Saljuq Turks defeat Byzantine army at Manzikert, take emperor captive Large-scale invasion of Anatolia Large-scale invasion of Anatolia Many conversions to Islam Many conversions to Islam Ottoman Turks conquer Constantinople 1453 Ottoman Turks conquer Constantinople 1453

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 14 Ghaznavid Turks and the Sultanate of Delhi Mahmud of Ghazni, Afghanistan, invades northern India Mahmud of Ghazni, Afghanistan, invades northern India At first for plunder, later to rule At first for plunder, later to rule Northern India completely dominated by 13 th century Northern India completely dominated by 13 th century Persecution of Buddhists, Hindus Persecution of Buddhists, Hindus

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 15 Chinggis Khan ( ) and the Making of the Mongol Empire Tem ü jin, b Tem ü jin, b Father prominent warrior, poisoned c. 1177, forced into poverty Father prominent warrior, poisoned c. 1177, forced into poverty Mastered steppe diplomacy, elimination of enemies Mastered steppe diplomacy, elimination of enemies Brought all Mongol tribes into one confederation Brought all Mongol tribes into one confederation 1206 proclaimed Chinggis Khan: “ Universal Ruler ” 1206 proclaimed Chinggis Khan: “ Universal Ruler ”

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 16 Chinggis Khan

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display Statue of Chinggis Khan in Mongolia

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 18 Mongolian Empire

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 19 Mongol Political Organization Broke up tribal organization Broke up tribal organization Formed military units from men of different tribes Formed military units from men of different tribes Promoted officials on basis of merit and loyalty Promoted officials on basis of merit and loyalty Established distinctly non-nomadic capital at Karakorum Established distinctly non-nomadic capital at Karakorum

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 20 Mongol Arms Mongol population only 1 million (less than 1% of Chinese population) Mongol population only 1 million (less than 1% of Chinese population) –Army c ,000 Strengths: Strengths: –Cavalry –Short bows –Rewarded enemies who surrender, cruel to enemies who fight

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 21 Mongol Conquests Conquest of China by 1220 Conquest of China by 1220 Conquest of Afghanistan, Persia Conquest of Afghanistan, Persia –emissaries murdered, following year Chinggis Khan destroys ruler Ravaged lands to prevent future rebellions Ravaged lands to prevent future rebellions –Large-scale, long-term devastation

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 22 The Mongol Empires about 1300 CE

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 23 Khubilai Khan (r ) Grandson of Chinggis Khan Grandson of Chinggis Khan Rule of China Rule of China Ruthless warrior, but religiously tolerant Ruthless warrior, but religiously tolerant –Hosted Marco Polo Established Yuan dynasty (to 1368) Established Yuan dynasty (to 1368) Unsuccessful forays into Vietnam, Cambodia, Burma, Java Unsuccessful forays into Vietnam, Cambodia, Burma, Java Two attempted invasions of Japan (1274, 1281) turned back by typhoons (kamikaze: “ divine winds ” ) Two attempted invasions of Japan (1274, 1281) turned back by typhoons (kamikaze: “ divine winds ” )

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 24 Khubilai Khan

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 25 Khubilai Khan’s Empire

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 26 The Golden Horde Conquest of Russia, Conquest of Russia, –Established tributary relationship to 15 th century –Rule over Crimea to late 18 th century Raids into Poland, Hungary, Germany Raids into Poland, Hungary, Germany

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 27 The Golden Horde’s Empire

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 28 The Ilkhanate of Persia Abbasid empire toppled Abbasid empire toppled Baghdad sacked, 1258 Baghdad sacked, 1258 –200,000 massacred Expansion into Syria checked by Egyptian forces Expansion into Syria checked by Egyptian forces

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 29 Mongol Rule in Persia Nomadic conquerors had to learn to rule sedentary societies Nomadic conquerors had to learn to rule sedentary societies –Inexperienced, Lost control of most lands within a century Persia: dependence on existing administration to deliver tax revenues Persia: dependence on existing administration to deliver tax revenues –Left matters of governance to bureaucracy Eventually assimilated into Islamic lifestyle Eventually assimilated into Islamic lifestyle

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 30 Mongol Rule in China Strove to maintain strict separation from Chinese Strove to maintain strict separation from Chinese –Intermarriage forbidden –Chinese forbidden to study Mongol language Imported administrators from other areas (esp. Arabs, Persians) Imported administrators from other areas (esp. Arabs, Persians) Yet tolerated religious freedoms Yet tolerated religious freedoms

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 31 The Mongols and Buddhism Shamanism remains popular Shamanism remains popular Lamaist school of Buddhism (Tibet) gains strength among Mongols Lamaist school of Buddhism (Tibet) gains strength among Mongols –Large element of magic, similar to shamanism –Ingratiating attitude to Mongols: khans as incarnations of Buddha

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 32 The Mongols and Western Integration Experience with long-distance trade Experience with long-distance trade –Protection of traveling merchants –Volume of trade across central Asia increases Diplomatic missions protected Diplomatic missions protected Missionary activity increases Missionary activity increases Mongol resettlement policies Mongol resettlement policies

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 33 Decline of the Mongol Empire in Persia Overspending, poor tax returns from overburdened peasantry Overspending, poor tax returns from overburdened peasantry Ilkhan attempts to replace precious metal currency with paper in 1290s Ilkhan attempts to replace precious metal currency with paper in 1290s –Failure, forced to rescind Factional fighting Factional fighting Last Ilkhan dies without heir in 1335, Mongol rule collapses Last Ilkhan dies without heir in 1335, Mongol rule collapses

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 34 Decline of the Yuan Dynasty in China Mongols spend bullion that supported paper currency Mongols spend bullion that supported paper currency Public loses confidence in paper money, prices rise Public loses confidence in paper money, prices rise From 1320s, major power struggles From 1320s, major power struggles Bubonic plague spreads s Bubonic plague spreads s 1368 Mongols flee peasant rebellion 1368 Mongols flee peasant rebellion

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 35 Surviving Mongol Khanates Khanate of Chaghatai in central Asia Khanate of Chaghatai in central Asia –Continued threat to China Golden Horde in Caucasus and steppes to mid-16 th century Golden Horde in Caucasus and steppes to mid-16 th century –Continued threat to Russia

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 36 Tamerlane the Conquerer (c ) Turkish conqueror Timur Turkish conqueror Timur –Timur the Lame: Tamerlane United Turkish nomads in Khanate of Chaghatai United Turkish nomads in Khanate of Chaghatai Major military campaigns Major military campaigns –Built capital in Samarkand

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 37 Tamerlane’s Empire about 1405 CE

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 38 Tamerlane’s Heirs Poor organization of governing structure Poor organization of governing structure Power struggles divide empire into four Power struggles divide empire into four Yet heavily influenced several empires: Yet heavily influenced several empires: –Mughal –Safavid –Ottoman

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 39 The Ottoman Empire Osman, charismatic leader who dominates part of Anatolia Osman, charismatic leader who dominates part of Anatolia Declares independence from Saljuq sultan, 1299 Declares independence from Saljuq sultan, 1299 Attacks Byzantine empire Attacks Byzantine empire –Followers known as Osmanlis (Ottomans)

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 40 Ottoman Conquests 1350s conquests in the Balkans 1350s conquests in the Balkans Local support for Ottoman invasion Local support for Ottoman invasion –Peasants unhappy with fragmented, ineffective Byzantine rule Tamerlane defeats Ottoman forces in 1402, but Ottomans recover by 1440s Tamerlane defeats Ottoman forces in 1402, but Ottomans recover by 1440s

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 41 The Capture of Constantinople, 1453 Sultan Mehmed II ( “ Mehmed the Conqueror ” ) Sultan Mehmed II ( “ Mehmed the Conqueror ” ) Renamed city Istanbul, capital of Ottoman empire Renamed city Istanbul, capital of Ottoman empire

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 42 Empires in 1300 CE