National Empowerment A Stronger Nation (Unit 6) Identify and describe events in the early 20th century that led Canada toward independence  Examine Canada’s and Newfoundland’s participation in the First World War  Explain the effects of the First World War on Canada and Newfoundland 

Events Leading Toward Independence Self-governing dominions 1910 England still controlled foreign policies South African War 1901 first step in creating a Canadian military Alaskan Boundary Dispute 1903 Canadians angry with Britain & saw U.S. as threat Naval Service Bill 1910 creation of Canadian navy Nationalist views Pushed for greater independence

More Events Leading Toward Independence -p.263 Canada got its own flag 1965 National Anthem 1980 “O Canada” (c.1901) popular in Quebec 1880 Red Ensign

Diamond Jubilee - Colonial Conference -wanted strong ties with Britain -closer ties with Britain -wanted greater indepence for Canada Britain Chamberlain Anglophone Imperialists Francophone Nationalists Sunnyways approach Praised Britain. Politely but firmly refused closer ties with Britain. Visited France and praised France

South African (Boer) War -Wanted quick and positive response to Britain’s request -Send troops -Colonies should help British empire -Send Canadian troops -Felt a far away war was of no concern or threat to Canada -Canada should stay out Britain Chamberlain Anglophone Imperialists Sam Hughes Francophone Nationalists Bourassa Sunnyways approach 1. Laurier said Canada was not required to send troops to a British war that did not directly involve Canada. 2. But volunteers that wanted to go and help Britain were organized, equipped and transported by the Canadian government. 3. Laurier said Canada did not have to help in future British wars

Alaskan Boundary Dispute Issue: disagreement about the border between Canada & the U.S. where B.C. and Alaska meet Economic benefit from Klondike Gold Rush depended on owning good harbours in the north. 6-member commission (3 Americans, 2 Canadians, 1 British) to decide the issue. Results: -British official sided with American Reasons: -Britain wanted U.S. support if Germany started a war. Note: -Canada did not control its own foreign affairs. -First Nations were not consulted. Laurier worked to get Canada more control of foreign affairs. thecanadianencyclopedia.com

Naval Service Bill -send immediate aid (money) to Britain -worried about strength of German navy -asked Canada for money to build warships -against sending money to Britain -focus on building our own military forces Francophone Nationalists Bourassa Anglophone Imperialists Britain Sunnyways approach Naval Service Bill: Canada would create its own navy. Canadian navy would defend Canada and could be lent to Britain in times of war. Navy: 2 old ships (Niobe & Rainbow) purchased from Britain. 400 crew and officers to run the ships. Reactions: Imperialists embarrassed by small navy (Tin-Pot Navy). Nationalists thought it would be useless in defending Canada and did not want to offer to lend it to Britain.

First World War (Great War) Canadian Participation  Chain of Events Arms Race Balkans Black Hand Assassination Declare War Canada Joins 30 000 army 8000 horses 1000 Nfld. 600 000 end

Who Enlisted (CEF)? p.279-281 First Nations, Inuit, and Métis 33% British-Canadian 31% French-Canadian 15% (discrimination) African-Canadian #2 Construction, 960 Racism Newfoundland 35% VAD ambulance F. Pegahmagabow Major Vanier Number 2 Construction Battalion

Over There p.282-286 Trench Warfare War in the Air War at Sea Over the top War in the Air Cda. 25% of RAF Billy Bishop (72) Roy Brown (Red Baron) Black Flight War at Sea Shipbuilding Supply Britain 2nd Battle of Ypres 6035 Cda. died in 2 days Held the line for 16 days Battle of the Somme Newfoundland Regiment of 801 only 68 survived 8000 Cda. killed (141 d.) Vimy Ridge French & British failed Cda. practiced Surprise attack in storm and bombardment 3598 killed; 6000 wounded Canadians capture Vimy Ridge

Effect of World War I  Life on the Home Front Conscientious objectors White feather symbol Victory Bonds Women Take Charge Young People Halifax Explosion Feeding the Allies Munitions Industry War Measures Act Income Tax Enemy Aliens Life on the Home Front Conscription Armistice Long-Term Effects Debt French vs. English National respect Newfoundland’s foreign affairs Aboriginal people discriminated against African-Canadians faced mixed reaction