Chapter 4: The Exchange of Ideas

WORLDVIEW INQUIRY How did the Renaissance spark the growth and exchange of ideas across Europe?

Vocabulary Heresy Anatomy Astrology Allegory Excommunication Indulgences Disseminates

Galileo An Italian astronomer born in Tuscany. Known as the “Father of Modern Science.” Said the sun is the center of the universe.

Roman Inquisition System of tribunals developed by the Vatican to charge Heretics. Either tortured, burned, or house arrest.

Galileo’s Trial Said sun was center of universe. Church angry – charged him with heresy. If he did not refuse – he would die.

Galileo’s Trial Decided it was better to live than to die He read a statement that denied his sun-centered belief. Sentenced to house arrest. Book was put on Index of Prohibited Books.

“Eppur Si Muove” “And yet it moves!”

Fast Forward- We Recant…………. On 31 October 1992, Pope John Paul II expressed regret for how the Galileo affair was handled, and officially conceded that the Earth was not stationary, as the result of a study conducted by the Pontifical Council for Culture. In March 2008 the Vatican proposed to complete its rehabilitation of Galileo by erecting a statue of him inside the Vatican walls. (they later cancelled this commision) In December of the same year, during events to mark the 400th anniversary of Galileo's earliest telescopic observations, Pope Benedict XVI praised his contributions to astronomy

Galileo’s Trial According to the story, why was Galileo sentenced to house arrest? With which elements of the worldviews icon did Galileo’s knowledge conflict? Worldview Icon: Geography Time Beliefs Society Values Economy Knowledge

Science: A New Way of Thinking People were encouraged to question and experiment. Created the “Scientific Method” Led to the discovers of many areas. Most important: Astronomy, Medicine, Math

Astronomy Until Renaissance, people believed sun went around earth. Europeans believed God placed Earth at center. Galileo Galilei proved everyone wrong Build telescopes and observed.

Medicine “In one pound of olive oil cook ten green lizards and filter them though linen; add one measure of marjoram and wormwood; cook slowly and set by for use.”

Medicine Little knowledge about anatomy and the causes of disease. Remedies were based on astrology, superstition, bloodletting, and leeches.

Medicine Midwives and herbalists played important role. Knowledge of medicine grew, particularly in anatomy and surgery. Use the scientific method.

Medicine Dissection of bodies was made legal for the purpose of study. Leonardo da Vinci dissected many bodies. Often done in front of students. Francois Rabelais made accurate drawings.

Mathematics Renaissance thinkers thought math was the basic tool for understanding the universe. Important to the scientific method. Important to the economy. Merchants needed to know.

Mathematics Zero discovered in India. Decimal system discovered by Muslims. Europeans built on these discoveries.

Political and Religious Leadership Strong leadership was answer to feuding City-States. Would bring peace and stability which would then allow business and art to prosper.

Born Into Leadership Isabella D’Este was “the first lady of the world.” Smart, artistic, musical Ruled Mantua while husband was at war. Lake Como

The Scientific Ruler Niccolo Machiavelli The ultimate People Watcher Said people are “ungrateful, fickle, liars, and greedy” Wrote “The Prince”

Changing Leadership in the Church Most powerful institution in Europe. Leaders controlled politics, business, and religion. Used power negatively Took money Bought titles

Savonarola Dominican monk Spent life fighting church corruption Often accused the Church and Pope of corruption. Broke his oath to the Church.

Savonarola Convinced citizens of Florence to burn lavish possessions. Kept people away from God.

Savonarola Pope excommunicated him. He lost support in Florence. Charged with Heresy and executed in 1498

Martin Luther German Monk Followed Savonarola’s footsteps. Studied the Bible Said Bible, not Church, is true guide.

Martin Luther Upset how Church made money Sold indulgences (certificates to reduce time spend to pay for sins) Distributed and nailed his Ninety-Five Theses to church in Wittenberg

Martin Luther Pope Leo X issued a “bull” condemning Luther. Luther burned Bull. Brought to trial like Galileo. Refused rebuttal Was excommunicated Went into hiding.

Teach Us All Knowing One In groups, you are to present the rest of chapter 4 to the class.

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