Nature of science What is science Knowledge of facts and laws arranged in an orderly fashion. Scientific law- is a rule supported by a body of scientific knowledge, that is believed to be true.
Key terms Science Law Scientific method Hypothesis Experiment Sample Control Constant Dependent variable Independent variable SI Mass Volume Density Microscope Charts Diagrams Mean Mode Median
A branch of science that looks at past civilizations based on: technological studies radiometric dating relative age of relics.
Scientific method Make observations Ask a question based on observations Hypothesis- make an educated guess about an expectation Based on the hypothesis make a prediction Design an experiment to test the hypothesis Set experimental controls Run your experiment Based on the outcome make a theory or find a new hypothesis and start again Communicate your results
Simple Experiment Lab. Make observations Make predictions, formulate a question or hypothesis Design an experiment Some hypothesis are supported Some hypothesis are rejected Form a Theory
Inference Is a conclusion that can be drawn from an observation based on what you already know!
Hypothesis Must be testable
The experiment Must be repeatable
Sample size Must be adequate to get results But not be so large that it can’t be tested.
Controls The control group is the group that receives no treatment. What is being done (steps)
Independent variable The thing that is changed.
Dependent variable The thing that is being measured or tested. IE the growth of a set of plants or animals.
Constant The factors that stay the same. IE the amount of water or sunlight.
Measurement Weight : Measure of the force of gravity on an item. Will not be the same everywhere.
Measurement Mass - The amount of matter in an object.
Volume The amount of space occupied by matter. V = L x W x H Will always be written in the 3 rd power because it measures 3 items.
Density The rate of mass in an amount of volume. Is written like this. g/cm 3 D = M Is the formula to find density. V
Measurement SI (System international) Length- meter-M Mass- kilogram-kg Volume- liter-L 1ml = 1centimeter 3 Time –second-s Electric current- ampere- A Thermodynamic temperature- Kelvin- K Amount of a substance –mole – mol. Luminous intensity- Candela- cd
SI Prefixes Kilo k 1,000 Hecto h 100 Decka da 10 Deci d 0.1 Centi c 0.01 Milli m Micro u
SI units Area meters square m Circumference Volume cubic meters m Mass density kg /cubic meter or g/ cubic centimeter kg/m 3 g/cm 3 Fraction- part to whole Decimal- Expression of a fraction or power Celsius temperature degree c C
Microscopy and measurement A microscope is an instrument that produces an enlarged image of an object. Pg. 196 C Eyepiece Ocular lens Body tube Focus Objective lenses Storage clip Slide Light source Stage Nosepiece Magnification -The apparent increase in size. Resolution-the power to show details clearly.
The two main types of data Quantitative data uses numbers. Qualitative data uses color changes or observed differences.
Tables and charts Histogram Circle charts or pie charts Scatter plots Stem and leaf plots Line and double line Best fit line Ways to communicate Data
Mathematical Standards Mean- The average number Sum/by number of items. Mode - the most repeated number or data result ( the most common way) Median- the middle number in a series.
Math skills Ratio and proportion 2 to 1 is 2:1 Percentage 25 out of 100 is 25% Significant figures 2.56 rounds to 2.6 Scientific notation or powers 10 3 Venn diagrams
Think like a scientist Make close observations Infer (use what you know and build on it) Make predictions based on knowledge Classify organisms in an orderly fashion Make models to study Communicate your ideas clearly with others
Science can be fun We all use science to make discoveries, this year you will learn just how cool science can be.