17 TH CENTURY SCIENCE A Revolution of Sorts

A Move to a More Modern Methodology Science after 1550 Questioned older beliefs about the universe New methods of inquiry led to discoveries in astronomy, physics, chemistry, and biology Creation of new institutions that supported scientific discovery and education

Theory and Practice Advances in ways of explaining the universe Advances in practical knowledge that directly translated into creation of scientific equipment Artisan techniques used to create the new scientific machinery would later translate into machinery that will drive the industrial age

Timeline Copernicus and On the Heavenly Spheres1576- Tycho Brahe sets up Uraniborg Observatory1609-Johannes Kepler, Brahe understudy, publishes Astronomia Nova1610-Galileo publishes Starry Messenger1620 Francis Bacon publishes Novum Organum1632- Galileo publishes Dialogue concerning the Two Chief World Systems

Trial of Galileo ■Galileo recants. Science, unlike religion, will not directly challenge church authority. However, science, unlike religion, is based on fact and is not as socially inflammatory as religion. The printing press desiminates information from both movements, so like religion, once the genie is out of the box the church cannot reel it back in.

Post Trial Renee Descartes publishes Discourse on Method1660- Royal Society of London founded1666- French Academy of Sciences founded1687- Isaac Newton publishes Principia Mathematicas

Rise of the Academies Royal Society in London and French Academy of Science in Paris established in the same generation as Galileo’s Trial Shows the established acceptance and secular power of the scientific community. This community did not fear reprisals from the church. Supported by monarchs. The National Observatory in England was funded by Charles I and will later become the Greenwich Mean.

Intellectual Origins: Old Knowledge Neoplatonism-God’s perfection is visible to the world through observation Did not and did not intend to undermine God Observation, experiment, and invention all present during th middle ages

What Changed Content of Knowledge which was primarily the heliocentric theory which displaced humans from the center of the universe Established a method for inquiry for understanding the natural world that emphasized observation, hypothesis, and experiment Science emerged as a distinctive branch of knowledge

Decisive Break from the Middle Ages Renaissance humanism and the study of ancient textsCollaboration between the artisan and the intellectual Age of Exploration drove technology for navigation Print technology and a culture of reading

Copernican Revolution First systematic challenge to the Ptolemaic model Not a physicist Was not looking for a break from the church

Tycho Brahe Tried to correct problems with traditional astronomy Court astronomer to Holy Roman Emperor Rudolph II Also an aristocrat

Johannes Kepler Brahe UnderstudyBelieved that a math is God’s language Recognized the inconsistencies in Copernican model

Galileo Created the first powerful telescopeDiscoveries were at odds with Aristotelian and Catholic teachingsMost famous scientist of his day Medicis became his patron Arrested, tried by the Inquisition, under life long house arrest

Renee Descartes Father of analytical geometry Deductive reasoning- one logical step to the next Mechanical philosophy- to look at everything in nature as a machine

Francis Bacon Inductive reasoning- amassing evidence and drawing conclusions Develop practical applications from conclusion Solomon’s House is a utopian work where everyone collaborates

William Harvey English PhysicianCirculatory systemvivisection

Boyle Chemistry Boyle’s Law: showing that at a constant temperature the volume of a gas decreases in proportion to thep ressure placed on it

Hooke Compound MicroscopeRevealed detailed structure of plantsSeen as God’s creation and wisdom

The Role of the State 17 th century state building helped secure the rise of science The state used scientific societies as a way to re- establish order in a post-civil war world Charles II, restored, funded the Royal Society in London. French Academy of Science funded by Bourbon Absolutism

Women Societies did not ban women Pouillan asked in 1673 why women should be banned from intellectual pursuits as they had the same brain and nervous system as men Italy allowed women to teach at institutionsOther countries allowed women to educate themselves but independently.Women were allowed to take part in the discussion Margaret Cavendish was a natural philosopher from England who included in her work circle Hobbes and Descartes. Entymologist Maria Sbylla Merian carved out a professional space by exploiting the guild system which had long admitted women. Merian’s father was an engraver and so was she. She made engravings of her bugs.

Isaac Newton Culmination of the Scientific Revolution All bodies, on Earth and in heaven, operate by the same laws Used prisms to show the break down of white light- roy g biv Gravitation is a universal force and can be described by mathematics

The Take Away Science was coolScience represented all that was modernCollaborative nature allowed for science clubs and womenAbsolute Monarchs became patronsScience did not subvert religionMathematics assumed a central role in ScienceNew disciplined thinking allowed for the deconstruction of the natural world