HEALTH CONSCIOUSNESS AND MEDICAL EXAMINATION V.V.L.N.S.N.Gupta

2 Three levels of Preventive measures

3 1. Primary prevention  Health promotion – I Level  Specific protection – II Level

4 2. Secondary Prevention – III Level  Early diagnosis & treatment

5 3. Tertiary Prevention  Disability limitation  Rehabilitation  Disability limitation  Rehabilitation

6 Three factors when interact then disease process starts AGENT AGENT HOST HOST ENVIRONMENT ENVIRONMENT AGENT AGENT HOST HOST ENVIRONMENT ENVIRONMENT are of cardinal importance in disease process and are called Ecological or Epidemiological triad are of cardinal importance in disease process and are called Ecological or Epidemiological triad

7 AGENTAGENT HOSTHOST ENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENT

8 AGENTAGENT 1. LIVING 2. NON LIVING 1. LIVING 2. NON LIVING

9 AGENTS CALSSIFIED INTO: 1. Biological Agents -Virus -Bacteria -Bacteria -Fungus -Fungus -Parasites -Parasites 1. Biological Agents -Virus -Bacteria -Bacteria -Fungus -Fungus -Parasites -Parasites

10 NUTRIENT AGENTS -Protein-Fat-Carbohydrates-Vitamins-Minerals-Water-Protein-Fat-Carbohydrates-Vitamins-Minerals-Water

11 CHEMICAL AGENTS ENDOGENOUS Produce in body Produce in body-Diabetes-Acidosis-UraemiaENDOGENOUS -Diabetes-Acidosis-Uraemia

12 EXOGENOUS AGENT  Metals  Fumes  Dust  Gases  Acquired by inhalation  Ingestion or inoculation  Metals  Fumes  Dust  Gases  Acquired by inhalation  Ingestion or inoculation

13 PHYSICAL AGENTS  Heat  Cold  Humidity  Pressure  Radiation  Heat  Cold  Humidity  Pressure  Radiation

14 MECHANICAL AGENTS  Friction  Mechanical forces resulting in  Crushing  Tearing  Sprains  Dislocation or Fracture  Friction  Mechanical forces resulting in  Crushing  Tearing  Sprains  Dislocation or Fracture

15 HOSTHOST Man is host

16 ENVIRONEMENTAL FACTORS Aggregate of all external conditions & influences which affect life and development of an organism, human behaviour Or Society Aggregate of all external conditions & influences which affect life and development of an organism, human behaviour Or Society

17 TWO TYPES 1. INTERNAL 2. EXTERNAL 1. INTERNAL 2. EXTERNAL

18 INTERNALINTERNAL Disease represents mal-adjustment of human organism to his environment Disease represents mal-adjustment of human organism to his environment

19 EXTERNALEXTERNAL PHYSICAL Non Living & Physical forces -Water-Soil-Air-Climate-WeatherPHYSICAL -Water-Soil-Air-Climate-Weather

20 EXTERNALEXTERNAL -Geography-Food-Housing-Heat-Light-Radiation-Geography-Food-Housing-Heat-Light-Radiation

21 BIOLOGICALBIOLOGICAL Microbes -Virus -Bacteria -Fungus -Parasites -Even other people with whom man is living Microbes -Virus -Bacteria -Fungus -Parasites -Even other people with whom man is living

22 SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT Cultural Values -Religion -Education -Occupation -Standard of living -Community life -Health services Cultural Values -Religion -Education -Occupation -Standard of living -Community life -Health services

23 SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT -Social & Political organization -Psycho-social environment -Harmonious adjustment to the social environment enables man to enjoy health & happiness -Social & Political organization -Psycho-social environment -Harmonious adjustment to the social environment enables man to enjoy health & happiness

HEALTH PROMOTION Increase in general health & well beings of individual & community.

Health of a person can be improved by 1.Adequate Nutrition 2.Provision of Sanitary Environment -Water supply -Adequate sewage and disposal of human waste -Housing -Control of insects and rodent

26 Health of a person can be improved by -Safe working conditions -Recreational facilities -Personal hygiene -Health education -Physical education -Periodical health screening -Improvement of standard of living of people

27 SPECIFIC PROTECTION -Specific immunization -Use of specific nutrients -Protection against occupational hazards -Protection against accidents -Protection against toxic and harmful chemicals -Avoidance of allergens

28 SECONDARY PREVENTION This is III level of prevention Early diagnosis & treatment - Action which stops the disease process at initial stage.

29 TERTIARY PREVENTION TERTIARY PREVENTION LAST TWO LEVELS OF PREVENTION 1.Disability limitation 2. Rehabilitation cost is very high 1: 16

30 Non-communicable diseases risk factors 1.Smoking 2.Alcohol abuse 3.Failure or inability to obtain preventive health services e.g., HTN, Cancer detection, Management of Diabetes 4.Lifestyle changes (e.g., diet, physical activity) 5.Environmental risk factors (e.g., Occupational hazards, air & water pollution) 6.Stress factors

31 Coronary artery disease: Angina PectorisAngina Pectoris MI (Heart attack)MI (Heart attack) Irregularities of HeartIrregularities of Heart Cardiac failureCardiac failure Sudden deathSudden death

32 Coronary artery disease: Risk factors: SmokingSmoking HTNHTN S.CholestrolS.Cholestrol DiabetesDiabetes GeneticsGenetics Physical activityPhysical activity HormonesHormones Personality (Competitive people more at risk than relaxed people)Personality (Competitive people more at risk than relaxed people) AlcoholAlcohol Oral contraceptivesOral contraceptives

33 Coronary artery disease: Prevention: Reduce fat intake to 20-30% of total energy intakeReduce fat intake to 20-30% of total energy intake Reduce Saturated fat intake to 10% of total energy intakeReduce Saturated fat intake to 10% of total energy intake Increase Carbohydrate consumption (Vegetables, fruits, pulses, whole grains)Increase Carbohydrate consumption (Vegetables, fruits, pulses, whole grains) Avoid alcoholAvoid alcohol Decrease salt intake to 5g/ day or lessDecrease salt intake to 5g/ day or less

34 HYPERTENSION Risk Factors: 1.Non-modifiable AgeAge Genetic factorsGenetic factors

35 HYPERTENSION Risk Factors: 2. Modifiable ObesityObesity Salt intakeSalt intake Saturated fatsSaturated fats AlcoholAlcohol Environmental stressEnvironmental stress

36 HYPERTENSION Prevention: 1.Nutrition – Reduce salt intake, moderate fat intake, avoid alcohol 2.Weight reduction 3.Exercise promotion 4.Behavioral changes a.Reduce stress b.Reduce smoking c.Meditation 5.Self-care - Learn to take your own B.P & Chart it

37 Diabetes Mellitus: (Due to Insulin deficiency ) Risk factors: Age-all above 40 yrsAge-all above 40 yrs Genetic factors-family historyGenetic factors-family history Immune mechanismsImmune mechanisms ObesityObesity Sedentary lifestyleSedentary lifestyle

38 Diabetes Mellitus: Due to Insulin deficiency Risk factors: DietDiet MalnutritionMalnutrition Viral infection eg., Mumps, rubella etc.,Viral infection eg., Mumps, rubella etc., Chemical agents e.g., AlloxanChemical agents e.g., Alloxan StressStress

39 Diabetes Mellitus: Self-care: ExerciseExercise Diet  Avoid sweetsDiet  Avoid sweets Increase intake of fiber dietIncrease intake of fiber diet Weight reductionWeight reduction Reduce alcoholReduce alcohol Reduce smokingReduce smoking Control B.PControl B.P Reduce Cholestrol & TriglyceridesReduce Cholestrol & Triglycerides

40 Diabetes Mellitus: For known diabetics: Routine BSL testingRoutine BSL testing Routine Urine for proteins, ketonesRoutine Urine for proteins, ketones Routine B.P chartingRoutine B.P charting Routine visual acuity checkingRoutine visual acuity checking Routine weight checkRoutine weight check Routine feet examinationRoutine feet examination Look for loss of sensation, dryness of skinLook for loss of sensation, dryness of skin Home blood sugar monitoringHome blood sugar monitoring