CELLS Organization of Living Organisms

Project Topics-Due 10/29 Jessica- Hand Daniella- Spine Skye- Eye Jarod- Brain James- Alex- Heart Vincent- Arm Donato- Arm Rachael-Face Diana- Digestive System Molly-Eye Morgan- Intestines John- Hand Christina- Lips Samantha- Lungs Steven- Lungs Danielle- Lips Amanda- Brain Justin R.- Teeth Courtney- Spinal Cord Phoenix- Foot Kieran- Intestines Kyle- Foot Justin Z.- Heart

Do Now What is a cell? What is a cell? Provide an example of a multicellular and a unicellular organism Provide an example of a multicellular and a unicellular organism Cells

Cell Theory 1. All living things are made up of cells 2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function for all living things 3. All cells arise from pre-existing cells

Cells specialize and are grouped into tissues  Different tissues combine to form organs  Several organs form systems to carry out life functions

Cells = The basic structure of life! Cells have specific structures that perform specific jobs called ORGANELLES Cells have specific structures that perform specific jobs called ORGANELLES Organelles are floating in the jellylike substances in the cell called CYTOPLASM Organelles are floating in the jellylike substances in the cell called CYTOPLASM

Cellular Organization Every human cell has: Plasma Membrane (cell membrane) Surrounds cell and keeps it intact Regulates what goes in and out of the cell Phospholipid bilayer that is semipermeable (allows only certain molecules in) Nucleus Large, centrally located Contains chromosomes Control center of the cell Controls metabolic functioning & structural characteristic of cell Cytoplasm Found between the nucleus and plasma membrane Contains water and various types of molecules Contains organelles

Do Now October 7 th, 2014 What are the 3 main parts of every cell in the human body? What are the 3 main parts of every cell in the human body? Take out HW from last night! Take out HW from last night!

Cellular Organization Organelles Small, membranous structures Each has a specific function Keeps various cellular activities separate from each other Cytoskeleton Network of interconnected filaments and microtubules in cytoplasm Maintains cell shape and all the cell and contents to move

Plasma Membrane Thin structure that surround the cell – composed of lipids and proteins Important functions: 1. Separates contents of cell from outside environment 2. Controls which molecules enter and leave the cell (selective barrier) 3. Recognize and respond to chemical signals with “receptor” molecules  allow interactions between cells

Phospholipid Bilayer Has attached/embedded proteins Has attached/embedded proteins Polar head and nonpolar tails Polar head and nonpolar tails Polar heads are charged, hydrophilic, face outward Polar heads are charged, hydrophilic, face outward Nonpolar tails are hydrophobic, face inward Nonpolar tails are hydrophobic, face inward At body temperature the bilayer is a liquid, consistency of olive oil. At body temperature the bilayer is a liquid, consistency of olive oil. Fluid-mosaic model –description of membrane structure Fluid-mosaic model –description of membrane structure Protein molecules have changing pattern Protein molecules have changing pattern Short chains of sugar are attached to outer surfaces of some proteins & lipids Short chains of sugar are attached to outer surfaces of some proteins & lipids Glycoproteins, glycolipids Glycoproteins, glycolipids Glycoproteins are specific to each cell and belong to specific individuals Glycoproteins are specific to each cell and belong to specific individuals

Do Now What are the 3 main parts of the human cell? What are the 3 main parts of the human cell? What is the fluid-mosaic model? What is the fluid-mosaic model?

Nucleus Stores genetic information Stores genetic information Every cell has genetic information, but each cell type has certain genes turned on and off Every cell has genetic information, but each cell type has certain genes turned on and off Control center of the cell Control center of the cell Metabolism is controlled here Metabolism is controlled here Contains a nucleolus Contains a nucleolus Ribosomal RNA is produced here Ribosomal RNA is produced here Surrounded by a nuclear envelope Surrounded by a nuclear envelope Has nuclear pores to allow certain proteins to pass through Has nuclear pores to allow certain proteins to pass through

Ribosomes Composed of two subunits, 1 large, 1 small Composed of two subunits, 1 large, 1 small Found free within the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum Found free within the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum Makes proteins Makes proteins

Endoplasmic Reticulum System of channels through the cell – communication and transport - Smooth ER: no ribosomes - Synthesizes phospholipids - In testes – produces testosterone - In liver – detoxifies drugs - Rough ER: has ribosomes - Proteins are made here then processed and modified Lysosome Contain digestive enzymes “suicide sacs” Join with vacuoles to break down food – If the lysosome ruptures or breaks the cell will die

Golgi Body Consists of a stack of 3 to 20 slightly curved saccules Consists of a stack of 3 to 20 slightly curved saccules One side is directed toward the ER, other side is directed toward plasma membrane One side is directed toward the ER, other side is directed toward plasma membrane Packages secretions and transports materials, which are then carried in vesicles through the cytoplasm to other parts of the cell, or are excreted from the cell Packages secretions and transports materials, which are then carried in vesicles through the cytoplasm to other parts of the cell, or are excreted from the cell

Vacuoles & Peroxisomes Vacuoles Vacuoles Isolate substances captured inside the cell Isolate substances captured inside the cell May contain parasites that are awaiting digestion by lysosomes May contain parasites that are awaiting digestion by lysosomes Peroxisomes Peroxisomes Similar in structure to lysosomes Similar in structure to lysosomes Vesicles that contain enzymes Vesicles that contain enzymes Detoxify drugs, alcohol and other potential toxins Detoxify drugs, alcohol and other potential toxins Found in great numbers in the liver and kidneys Found in great numbers in the liver and kidneys Break down fatty acids so that the fats can be metabolized Break down fatty acids so that the fats can be metabolized

Mitochondria Bounded by a double membrane Bounded by a double membrane Inner membrane folded to form shelves (cristae) Inner membrane folded to form shelves (cristae) Matrix (inner space) filled with gel-like fluid Matrix (inner space) filled with gel-like fluid Site of ATP production Site of ATP production Powerhouse of the cell Powerhouse of the cell

Centrioles Short cylinders with 9 outer microtubule triplets and no center microtubules Short cylinders with 9 outer microtubule triplets and no center microtubules Pair of centrioles is each cell Pair of centrioles is each cell Duplicate and separate during cell division Duplicate and separate during cell division

Cilia and Flagellum Projections from the cell. They are made up of microtubules. They are motile and designed either to move the cell itself or to move substances over or around the cell Projections from the cell. They are made up of microtubules. They are motile and designed either to move the cell itself or to move substances over or around the cell

Cilia Lysosome Endoplasmic Reticulum Nucleolus Ribosomes Nucleus Rough ER Cell Membrane Mitochondria Smooth ER Golgi Body Centrioles Peroxisomes

DO NOW Hand in HW Hand in HW What are organelles? List a few examples of organelles. What are organelles? List a few examples of organelles.

Lesson 2 Crossing the Plasma Membrane

Do Now October 19, 2014 Hand in HW What is the function of the: a) mitochondria b) nucleus c) plasma membrane

Simple Diffusion Random movement of simple atoms or molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until equal distribution Random movement of simple atoms or molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until equal distribution NO ENERGY IS INVOLVED!!! NO ENERGY IS INVOLVED!!!

Osmosis Diffusion of water across the plasma membrane Diffusion of water across the plasma membrane Occurs when there is an unequal concentration of water Occurs when there is an unequal concentration of water Osmotic pressure – force exerted on semipermeable membrane because water has moved from high concentration to lower concentration Osmotic pressure – force exerted on semipermeable membrane because water has moved from high concentration to lower concentration

Osmosis Solutes – dissolved substances Solutes – dissolved substances Solution – water is more concentrated (least amount of dissolved substances, closest to pure water) Solution – water is more concentrated (least amount of dissolved substances, closest to pure water) Tonicity – degree to which a solutions concentration of solute vs. water causes water to move in or out of cells Tonicity – degree to which a solutions concentration of solute vs. water causes water to move in or out of cells Isotonic – an equal concentration of solutes and solvent on both sides of membrane Isotonic – an equal concentration of solutes and solvent on both sides of membrane Hypotonic – solutions that cause cells to swell Hypotonic – solutions that cause cells to swell Hypertonic – solutions that cause cells to shrink Hypertonic – solutions that cause cells to shrink

Filtration Movement of liquid from high pressure to low pressure Movement of liquid from high pressure to low pressure Occurs in capillaries, pushes water and dissolved solutes out of the capillary through tiny pores Occurs in capillaries, pushes water and dissolved solutes out of the capillary through tiny pores

Transport by Carriers Facilitated diffusion – a molecule is transported across the plasma membrane from high concentration to low concentration by means of a helper protein. NO ENERGY REQUIRED Facilitated diffusion – a molecule is transported across the plasma membrane from high concentration to low concentration by means of a helper protein. NO ENERGY REQUIRED Active transport – molecule is moving from low concentration to high concentration. ENERGY REQUIRED!!! Active transport – molecule is moving from low concentration to high concentration. ENERGY REQUIRED!!!

Endocystosis vs. Exocytosis Endocytosis Portion of plasma membrane forms an inner pocket to engulf a substance Portion of plasma membrane forms an inner pocket to engulf a substance Membrane pinches off to form a vesicle Membrane pinches off to form a vesicle Two forms Two forms Phagocytosis – cell eating Pinocytosis – cell drinking Exocytosis Vesicle fuses with plasma membrane as secretion occurs Vesicle fuses with plasma membrane as secretion occurs

Content Check Which process requires cellular ATP energy? Which process requires cellular ATP energy? A. osmosis A. osmosis B. facilitated diffusion B. facilitated diffusion C. active transport C. active transport D. simple diffusion D. simple diffusion Video

Homework Study Questions #11-12 Study Questions #11-12

DO NOW What process occurs for cell division? What process occurs for cell division? Write down as many stages as you can think of. Write down as many stages as you can think of.

Lesson 3 The Cell Cycle

Cell Cycle Orderly set of stages that take place between the time a cell divides and the time the daughter cells divide Orderly set of stages that take place between the time a cell divides and the time the daughter cells divide Apoptosis – programmed cell death Apoptosis – programmed cell death Stages: Stages: Interphase – not dividing, carries on regular activites, gets ready to divide Interphase – not dividing, carries on regular activites, gets ready to divide G1 Phase – return to normal pre-mitotic condition G1 Phase – return to normal pre-mitotic condition S phase – DNA replication occurs S phase – DNA replication occurs G2 phase – cell synthesizes proteins that will aid in cell division G2 phase – cell synthesizes proteins that will aid in cell division

DNA Replication An exact copy of DNA is produced An exact copy of DNA is produced Each strand of the helix is used as a template Each strand of the helix is used as a template Before replication - two strands are hydrogen bonded to one another Before replication - two strands are hydrogen bonded to one another During replication – old strands “unzip” and unwind During replication – old strands “unzip” and unwind New strands are made, enzyme DNA polymerase joins the new nucleotides together forming new helices. New strands are made, enzyme DNA polymerase joins the new nucleotides together forming new helices. End result – two resulting double helices are identical. End result – two resulting double helices are identical. Each strand of double helix is equal to 1 chromatid, at the end of replication each chromosome is composed of 2 sister chromatids Each strand of double helix is equal to 1 chromatid, at the end of replication each chromosome is composed of 2 sister chromatids

Stages of Mitosis Prophase Prophase Metaphase Metaphase Anaphase Anaphase Telophase Telophase

DO NOW What happens from the beginning Interphase to the end of Prophase? What happens from the beginning Interphase to the end of Prophase? What process starts to occur during Metaphase? What process starts to occur during Metaphase?

Prophase Two pairs of centiroles are moving to opposite ends of the nucleus Two pairs of centiroles are moving to opposite ends of the nucleus Spindle fibers appear Spindle fibers appear Nuclear envelope starts to disappear Nuclear envelope starts to disappear Chromosomes are visible Chromosomes are visible Spindle fibers attach to centromeres Spindle fibers attach to centromeres

Metaphase Nuclear envelope is completely gone Nuclear envelope is completely gone Paired chromosomes are at the equator Paired chromosomes are at the equator Fully formed spindles Fully formed spindles

Anaphase Sister chromatids separate Sister chromatids separate Each cell receives a copy of each type of chromosome Each cell receives a copy of each type of chromosome Chromosomes begin to move to opposite ends of the cell Chromosomes begin to move to opposite ends of the cell

Teleophase and Cytokinesis Chromosomes arrive at the poles Chromosomes arrive at the poles Chromosomes become indistinct again Chromosomes become indistinct again Cytoplasm begins to divide Cytoplasm begins to divide Cleavage furrow begins to occur – pinches the cell in half Cleavage furrow begins to occur – pinches the cell in half Mitosis

Protein Synthesis DNA is template for RNA formation and protein construction DNA is template for RNA formation and protein construction Two Steps: Two Steps: Transcription – mRNA (messenger RNA) is produced Transcription – mRNA (messenger RNA) is produced Translation – mRNA specifies the order of amino acids in a polypeptide Translation – mRNA specifies the order of amino acids in a polypeptide

Transcription DNA unzips and unwinds, binding with their RNA counterparts DNA unzips and unwinds, binding with their RNA counterparts Joined by RNA polymerase -> RNA molecule results Joined by RNA polymerase -> RNA molecule results Three forms of RNA Three forms of RNA Messenger Messenger Transfer Transfer Ribosomal Ribosomal Codon – a sequence of three bases that is complimentary to the DNA triplet(ex. AAG) Codon – a sequence of three bases that is complimentary to the DNA triplet(ex. AAG)

Translation Uses several enzymes and all 3 types of RNA Uses several enzymes and all 3 types of RNA Transfer RNA (tRNA) deliver amino acids to ribosomes which are composed of rRNA (ribosomal RNA) and protein Transfer RNA (tRNA) deliver amino acids to ribosomes which are composed of rRNA (ribosomal RNA) and protein At least 1 tRNA molecule for each of the 20 amino acids At least 1 tRNA molecule for each of the 20 amino acids Anticodon – a group of 3 bases that is complimentary to an mRNA codon Anticodon – a group of 3 bases that is complimentary to an mRNA codon

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In class assignment/Homework Read Focus on Forensics “DNA Fingerprinting” Read Focus on Forensics “DNA Fingerprinting” Why is DNA so important to us? Why is DNA so important to us? How is DNA extracted from a sample? How is DNA extracted from a sample? Study Question 15, on page Study Question 15, on page 62-63