Into the Wide Blue Yonder

 Food  Trade  Discovery of new land

 Biblically – Noah’s Ark and similar stories of floods: Not really out to Sea  1 st Recorded – 3200 BCE Egyptian reed boats to Phoenicia for Trade  1 st Exploration – 2750 BCE Egyptians to southern tip of Arabian Peninsula  Phoenicians – established trade routes in Mediterranean and as far north as Great Britain. All routes within sight of land.

 Polynesians  2000 – 500 BCE  Traveled thousands of miles across Pacific Ocean  Settled most habitable islands of the Pacific including Hawaii  Used basic maps made from sticks, shells, ropes, knots & rocks.

 Reference points on land  Use sun, constellations, stars  Cloud patterns that develop near islands and coastlines  Shore birds

 Developed knowledge lost during middle ages  Knew Earth was round not flat.  Calculated Circumference of the Earth  Developed sophisticated maps with latitude and longitude  Ptolemy developed coordinate system still used today.

 Astronomer, mathematician, geographer circa 87 – 150 AD  First map of a spherical earth projected on to a FLAT map  Introduced latitude and longitude

Easy to figure out while at sea, even long ago Not so much…

 Latitude:  Measures the angular distance north or south of the equator expressed in degrees  Longitude:  Measures the angular distance east or west expressed in degrees.

 Equator – Great Circle  1/2way between North and South Poles  0 ⁰ latitude  Circles are different sizes  Circles Never intersect & run parallel to each other 90 ⁰ N 90 ⁰ S 0⁰0⁰

 Prime Meridian – Great Circle  Passes through Greenwich England  0 ⁰ longitude  Circles are equal sizes  Each intersect at Poles WestEast

Latitude sextantsextant - used to calculate the degree of difference between observer and equator (incredible accuracy) Longitude Longitude is the degree of difference between an observer and the prime meridian – How do you do that?????

 You needed a clock to determine longitude  1 hour from the prime meridian = 15 °  1 ° = 30 nautical miles Not so simple really – Degree lengths along meridian aren’t constant (earth is not a perfect sphere: 69 miles/degree at equator 17 miles/degree at 80° N 0 at the poles

 Clocks?  nope  England offers 20,000 pounds  John Harrison  1726 – the first semi- accurate “regulators”  1759 – “H4” is completed (it’s a clock)  Weighs 3 lbs  5” diameter

 Earth’s diameter at equator – 24,902 miles  Earth’s diameter at poles – 24,818 miles  Distance on Earth’s surface for 1 ⁰ of latitude OR longitude ~ 70 miles

 Suppression of science and geography caused loss of knowledge  Vikings – 790 to 1100 AD Explored from central Asia west to New Foundland, Canada and throughout Europe to North Africa  Chinese – developed magnetic compass; two technological innovations of ships: central rudders and watertight compartments

 3 motives  Economics  Politics  Religion  Asia to the East  Prince Henry – Western Africa  Bartholomeu Dias – Cape of Good Hope (1487)  Vasco de Gama – Through Cape to India (1497)

 Asia to the West  Christopher Columbus (1492) - Landed on Caribbean Islands  Vespucci – First to recognize South America as new continent ( )  Vasco Nunez de Balboa – 1 st European to sail in Pacific; Crossed over Panama Peninsula (1513)  Ferdinand Magellan  Circumnavigated globe  Left: 5 ships, 200 men (some say 270)  Returned: 1 ship, 18 men, no Magellan

 James Cook- 1 st major expedition launched with Science and Exploration as only goal  Chronometer  Developed by John Harrison  Clock not affected by motion of sea  Determined longitude accurately  Discovered New Zealand and Australia  3 rd Voyage discovered Hawaii

 Charles Wilkes  Early U.S. expedition  Proved existence of Antartica  Matthew Maury  Father of Physical Oceanography  Knowledge of prevailing winds and surface currents  Produced 1 st modern oceanography textbook

 Charles Darwin  Gathered scientific data aboard HMS Beagle  Later wrote The Origin of Species describing evolution through natural selection  Challenger Expedition (1872 – 1876)  1 st expedition devoted specifically to marine science  Discovered Mid-Atlantic Ridge and Marianas Trench  Most new species ever discovered on one expedition until deep-sea vents in 1970s

 Mapping sea floor using echo-sounding  Meteor, Atlantis, and Challenger II

 Bathyscaphe Trieste – 1 st and only manned submersible to bottom of Challenger Deep  Research Submersibles allow for direct observations of abyssal plain and limited specimen collecting  Jacques Cousteau and Emile Gagnon develop SCUBA that allows direct manipulation during underwater research (limited depth)

 Remotely Operated Vehicles – Tethered/unmanned  Autonomous Underwater Vehicles – Untethered/Computer controlled  LORAN and GPS – Allow for accurate coordinate measurements  Satellites – track large scale weather and ocean phenomena

 1 cubic kilometer of water =1 trillion liters of water  Therefore - ~ 1,300,000,000,000,000,000,000 liters of water (1.3 sextillion liters)  Gallons?  liters = 1 gallon  =343,423,668,428,484,681,262 gallons  = 343 quintillion gallons  or billion BILLION gallons.  That's a lot of water. The Oceans have around 1.3 billion cubic kilometers of water SO… You tell me. You may not ask Siri, Cortana, or Google…

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