Physical Science

Physical Science Topics  Atoms & Molecules (Periodic Table)  Conservation of Matter  Physical and Chemical properties  Physical and Chemical Changes  Conservation of Energy  Motion & Forces (Newtons Laws)

Atom Structure Activity  In the atom there are three Sub atomic particles: 1.) Protons 2.) Neutrons 3.) Electrons On your paper label these subatomic particles in the atom.

Atoms and the Periodic Table  Atomic Structure Simulation Atomic Structure Simulation

Atoms and the Periodic Table Continued… Element Symbol Atomic Number -Number of Protons in the atom - Number of electrons in the atom Atomic Mass -Mass of the atom **To find the # of neutrons in an atom subtract the atomic number from this number.

Atom Charges  Atoms of the elements on the periodic table are naturally neutral. - Neutral: No Charge (0) - Ion: When an atom has a positive or negative charge due to the loss or gain of electrons **Atoms gain and lose electrons as a result of chemical reactions.

The Role of Neutrons  Neutrons are the particle that stabilizes an atom. - Watch what happens when you have more than 1 proton in the nucleus without any neutrons. Why do you think the nucleus is unstable without any neutrons?

Neutrons Continued…  A neutral Helium atom from the periodic table has 2 protons/electrons and 2 neutrons What do you think will happen if I add another neutron? What changes?  The atom’s mass changes when you add neutrons which results in an unstable atom that is often times considered radioactive.

Isotopes  Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons are called isotopes.

Isotope Example Boron-10 (Mass #)Boron-11 (Mass #)  5 Protons  5 Electrons  5 Neutrons  5 Protons  5 Electrons  6 Neutrons

Physical vs. Chemical  Watch the following paper demonstrations and determine which is an example of a chemical change, and which is an example of a physical change.

Physical vs. Chemical Properties Physical PropertiesChemical Properties  Appearance - Color - Solid, Liquid, or Gas - Shape - Mass  Behavior - What does it do? - Magnetism  Flammability  Anything that allows a material to undergo a chemical reaction. *** Anything containing the word REACTION or REACT refers to a chemical change!

Physical vs. Chemical Changes Physical ChangeChemical Change  Ask yourself: Can I transform it back into its original form?  If the answer is YES, it is a PHYSCIAL CHANGE.  Ask yourself: Can I transform it back into its original form?  If the answer is NO, it is a CHEMICAL CHANGE.

Physical or Chemical?  Decide whether each example is a physical or chemical change. - An ice cube melting - Eating and digesting food - A haircut - Formation of rust

Chemical Reactions  Chemical Bonds  Q: Why do some atoms bond easily while others do not bond at all?  A: It depends on the number of electrons in an atoms outermost shell  Q: Why do atoms need to bond?  A: Stability

Eight is Great  The goal of all atoms is to have 8 electrons in their outermost shell. 8 is great because 8 electrons = Stable  Q: How do you know how many electrons are in an element’s outermost shell?  A: The way elements are grouped on the periodic table.

Periodic Table and Valence Electrons Group 1 = 1 Valence Electron Group 2 = 2 Valence Electrons Group 3 = 3 Valence Electrons Group 4 = 4 Valence Electrons

Fusion vs. Fission  Fusion and Fission are a different type of chemical reaction that releases a great deal of energy.  Fusion: When two nuclei combine.  Fission: When one nucleus splits into two.

Properties of Matter: The Periodic Table  There are three categories of elements on the Periodic Table 1.) Metals 2.) Nonmetals 3.) Metalloids  Each of these have specific properties  Questions will often ask you to categorize an unknown material based on these properties.

Example  Which of these elements would most likely be a shiny, gray-colored solid at room temperature, conduct electricity, and dent when you hit it with a hammer? A. Aluminum B. Argon C. Chlorine D. Sulfur

Periodic Table Practice  Using your blank periodic table, label your groups 1-8  Put an “X” by the groups that will definately bond  Put a dot by the groups that will probably bond  Put a star by the one group that will not bond at all ***Remember 8 is great!

Conservation  In physical science there is a theme of conservation.  Conservation simply means that nothing is created nor destroyed  There are laws for the conservation of energy and the conservation of mass. **Think back to the paper change demonstration. Was there less matter when the paper was burned?

Conservation of Energy  Energy, like mass, is neither created or destroyed, it simply transfers into various forms. Energy Skate Park Simulation

Newton’s Laws  Newton’s 1st Law  Newton’s 2nd Law  Newton’s 3rd Law  A: F=MA  B: For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.  C: An object in motion remains in motion until acted upon by an outside force.

Newton’s Laws Answers  An object in motion remains in motion until acted upon by an outside force (inertia).  Newton’s 1st Law  F=MA (Force = Mass X Acceleration)  Newton’s 2nd Law  For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.  Newton’s 3rd Law

Newton’s Laws Examples  See if you can identify which of Newton’s laws is at work in each of these examples. Rocket Launch Car Crash

Easily Confused Terms SpeedVelocity  How fast an object moves  Measured in: - Meters per second (m/s) - Kilometers per hour (km/h)  How fast an object moves AND ITS DIRECTION!!!  Also measured in: - Meters per second (m/s) - Kilometers per hour (km/h)

Easily Confused Terms Cont… SpeedAcceleration  How fast an object moves  Measured in: - Meters per second (m/s) - Kilometers per hour (km/h)  The amount of CHANGE in an object’s speed  Acceleration includes: changing direction, slowing down, and speeding up.  Measured in: - Meters per second per second (m/s/s or m/s ²)

Easily Confused Terms Cont… MassWeight  How much material an object is made of Weight on different planets  How much the force of gravity on mass

Practice Test Questions  Answer the practice test questions over 1.) Atoms & Molecules (Periodic Table) 2.) Conservation of Matter 3.) Physical and Chemical properties 4.) Physical and Chemical Changes 5.) Conservation of Energy 6.) Motion & Forces (Newtons Laws)