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Indo-European Migrations: 4m-2m BCE The Middle East: “The Crossroads of Three Continents”

The Ancient Fertile Crescent Area The Middle East: “The Cradle of Civilization”

The Fertile Crescent Nomadic herders, ambitious invaders, and traders easily overcame the few natural barriers across the Fertile Crescent.Nomadic herders, ambitious invaders, and traders easily overcame the few natural barriers across the Fertile Crescent. -As a result, the region became a crossroads where people and ideas met and mingled-As a result, the region became a crossroads where people and ideas met and mingled -Each new group that came, made its own contributions to the region.-Each new group that came, made its own contributions to the region.

Sumerians

Sumer

The Sumerians were polytheistic, what does this mean???The Sumerians were polytheistic, what does this mean???

The First Cities Sumerian cities were often rectangular in shape surrounded by high, wide wallsSumerian cities were often rectangular in shape surrounded by high, wide walls - the largest buildings were ziggurats which were pyramid temples that soared towards the heavens.- the largest buildings were ziggurats which were pyramid temples that soared towards the heavens. -Rulers lived in magnificent palaces with spacious courtyards-Rulers lived in magnificent palaces with spacious courtyards -most people lived in tiny houses-most people lived in tiny houses

The Sumerian city-state of Ur contained an enormous mountain temple, known as a ziggurat, to honor the moon- god, Nanna.

Sumerian Religion - Polytheistic Enki Innana Anthropomorphic Gods

Mesopotamian Trade “The Cuneiform World”

Cuneiform: “Wedge-Shaped” Writing

Cuneiform Writing

Deciphering Cuneiform

Sumerian Scribes “Tablet House”

Sumerian Cylinder Seals

Gilgamesh

Gilgamesh Epic Tablet: Flood Story

Ziggurat at Ur  Temple  “Mountain of the Gods”  Temple  “Mountain of the Gods”

Mesopotamian Harp

Government Sumer included many independent city- statesSumer included many independent city- states City-State A city state was sovereign, although many cities were joined in formal or informal leagues under a high king.City-State A city state was sovereign, although many cities were joined in formal or informal leagues under a high king. war leaders usually turned into rulerswar leaders usually turned into rulers

Board Game From Ur

Sophisticated Metallurgy Skills at Ur