#10 The use of conjunctions

These are the conjunctions from Grammar Rock… they hook up EQUAL parts (words, phrases, clauses). They are the conjunctions we refer to as the FANBOYS. #10 COORDinating conjunctions

CONJUNCTION WRITING TIPS AND SUGGESTIONS The mistake kids often make with regards to FANBOYS use is comma placement. It is NOT a rule to always place a comma before “and”, which is the most common of the FANBOYS. Commas do go before the and when: Using a list of three or more Ex. Bob, Jack, and Phil I went running, skiing, and swimming last week. When connecting two independent clauses (two sentences) Ex. John did all of his homework, but Sue did none of hers. Today had the most pleasant weather, yet tomorrow it calls for rain. #10 FANBOYS

#10 ADVERBIAL CONJUNCTIONS Adverbial Conjunctions- join complete thoughts (like the FANBOYS) but go further by articulating relationship between ideas/sentences Ex. I like chocolate; he likes vanilla. add an AC, to clarify relationship Ex. I spent all of my money; I can’t go to the movies.

#10 HOTSHOTCAT ; however, = nevertheless/ in contrast ; otherwise, = alternatively ; therefore, = for that reason ; similarly, = in the same way ; hence, = same as therefore ; on the other hand, = contrast ; then, = next ; consequently, = as a result ; also, = in addition to ; thus, = as a result

Additional adverbial conjunctions include: accordingly, besides, finally, for example, furthermore, in fact, instead, meanwhile, moreover, nevertheless, now, and soon. #10 HOTSHOTCAT

Best used after a semi-colon (when separating sentences) and followed by a comma. The use of AC’s allows a writer to create “a flow” within a paragraph. #10 HOTSHOTCAT

#10 – an 8 th grade review What is a subordinate conjunction… what does “subordinate” mean? How many of the subordinate conjunctions can you list? What makes a clause a clause? What differentiates an independent and dependent clause? What is the structure of “IC plus DC” called? How are the various ways it’s punctuated? Stylistically, why would you choose to use these?

#10 subordinating conjunctions and dependent clauses A subordinating conjunction (SC) subordinates a clause (makes it less important) then joins it with an independent clause.

Dependent clauses can often be identified by the use the most common subordinate conjunctions. as although after when(ever) while whether until unless because before if since

#10 subordinating conjunctions and dependent clauses All clauses contain a subject and a verb. Some are independent (can stand alone) while some are dependent (express an incomplete thought –aka fragment).

#10 Fragment Mistakes While we as 9th graders do not create elementary level fragments, the misunderstanding of subordinating conjunctions does cause errors to be made. Ex. Provided the teacher scored the essays. Although he had been a decorated soldier during World War II and had fought many battles for the losing cause of liberalism in Congress. Since the beginning of time and because individuals tend to demonstrate selfish tendencies.

#10 subordinating conjunctions and dependent clauses When used/joined together, they create a complex sentence. Depending on how they are joined, punctuation varies.

#10 DEPENDENT CLAUSES Dependent clauses may appear at the beginning, middle, or end of a sentence… which can lead to punctuation mistakes.

#10 DEPENDENT Clause Where would you place the comma in the following example? Since it was raining we decided to go to the movies.

#10 DEPENDENT Clause Where would you place the comma in the following example? SC S V Since it was raining, we decided to go to the movies. RULE: When a dependent clause is placed at the beginning of a sentence, place a comma between the independent clause and the dependent clause.

#10 Dependent clause Where would you place the comma in the following example? We decided to go to the movies because we were bored.

#10 Dependent clause Where would you place the comma in the following example? S VSC We decided to go to the movies because we were bored. RULE: When a dependent clause is located after an independent clause, DO NOT place a comma between the two.

#10 DEPENDENT CLAUSE  Where would you place the comma in the following example? Jerry felt since he was old enough he would see the scary movie.

#10 DEPENDENT CLAUSE  Where would you place the comma in the following example? S V SC Jerry felt, since he was old enough, he would see the scary movie. RULE: When a dependent clause is located inside an independent clause, place commas around it.

#10 DEPENDENT CLAUSES Dependent clauses added to independent clauses in order to help to clarify and/or add detail –create conditions. Stylistically, this creates sentence variety –a complex sentence (think simple, compound, and complex) Create “sophisticated” transitions.

#10 DEPENDENT CLAUSES The use of a DC, IC serves as an example of a sophisticated transition between paragraphs in your writing. Which sounds better? The next reason the book should stay on the summer reading list is its relatable characters. While the historical context provides a unique perspective, the characters are also relatable.