RELATIVITY Based on Physical Processes B udapest 2009 by Albrecht Giese Hamburg, Germany 1 The Physical Causes of Relativity

2 Contents 2 ‘  “Space” and “Time”?  Special Relativity  Origin of Mass  General Relativity The Physical Causes of Relativity

3 The Leading Question 3 ‘ Einstein’s Relativity is based on assumptions about “Space” and “Time” The Physical Causes of Relativity 1.Is this the only possible way? 2.Is this a good way?.

4 Einstein’s Statement (Original Paper 1905) 4 ‘ The Physical Causes of Relativity From the origin of a system k there shall a light beam be transmitted at the time  0 along the X-axis to x’ and from there at the time  1 reflected back to the origin, where it shall arrive at time  2 ; so, there must be ½(  0 +  2 ) =  1

5 ‘ d  v 5 The Physical Causes of Relativity X O x‘ 11  0 +  2  1 = 1/2(  0 +  2 )? Note: The one-way speed of light cannot be measured independently … shall a light beam be transmitted at the time  0 along the X-axis to x’ and from there at the time  1 reflected back to the origin, where it shall arrive at time  2 ;

6 6 ‘ The Physical Causes of Relativity “ … This definition is essential for the special theory of relativity, but it is not epistemologically necessary. Einstein’s definition, too, is only one possible definition. …” The special theory prefers ½...,” it does so on the ground that this definition leads to simpler relations”. … The intention of this talk is to show:  Relativity of Einstein based on space-time is not the good solution  Relativity can be based on physical processes rather principles This is. Much-much easier. Gives information about other areas, e.g. particle physics X Philosopher Hans Reichenbach in “The Philosophy of Space and Time”:

7 Contents 7 ‘  “Space” and “Time”?  Special Relativity  Origin of Mass  General Relativity The Physical Causes of Relativity

8 Contraction Dilation ‘ 8 Increase of Mass Energy-Mass Relation Constancy of c Special Relativity: Its Elements The Physical Causes of Relativity

9 Special Relativity: History of the contraction ‘ 1888: O. Heaviside Electric fields contract at motion Objects contract at motion 1889 G.F. FitzGerald 1892: H.A. Lorentz Michelson-Morley apparatus contracts at motion which explains the null-result of the experiment: ‘ 9 The Physical Causes of Relativity 1932: R.J. Kennedy E.M.Thorndike The experiment cannot be explained by pure contraction Needs dilation also Sufficient to understand relativity?

10 Special Relativity: Dilation is the consequence of internal motion History of the internal motion ‘ 1908: J. Ziegler Motion at c of the ‘smallest objects’ Internal oscillation causes ‘matter waves’ frequency: 1924: L. de Broglie 1928: P. Dirac Relativistic QM-function of the electron: 1930: E. Schrödinger Evaluation of the Dirac Function: ‘ 10 c Zitterbewegung The Physical Causes of Relativity

11 “Zitterbewegung” (Schrödinger) Completed  Structure of an Elementary Particle: ‘ No conflict with the electron experiments orbit (Spin, mag. moment) 11 The Physical Causes of Relativity (de Broglie 1924) = E / h (Dirac / Schrödinger 1928/30) v = c (Relativity) m = 0 (Momentum law) N = 2

12 Special Relativity: Dilation ‘ 222 vcq  Pythagoras cRT  2  qRT  2'  2 2 1/1 ' c v q c T T  i.e. the Lorentz-Factor v „Speed of proper time“ The Physical Causes of Relativity For the helical motion:

13 Contents 13 ‘  “Space” and “Time”?  Special Relativity  Origin of Mass  General Relativity The Physical Causes of Relativity

/rmass 14 Static field of a point charge ‘ 14 U The Physical Causes of Relativity

/rmass 15 Field of a moving charge ‘ 15 U The Physical Causes of Relativity

/rmass16 The Origin of Mass: Bind of the Basic Particles ‘ 16 The Physical Causes of Relativity

/rmass17 Bind of the Basic Particles at motion ‘ F rr rr F 17 The Physical Causes of Relativity

/rmass18 The Mass Equation ‘ The classical magnetic moment:    Or both equations combined: = Bohr magneton in case of the electron universally valid for all elem. particles Radius R computed from the magnetic moment  and then inserted above  the correct mass m universal for all elem. particles! 18 ‘ The Physical Causes of Relativity

/rmass19 Mass and Increase of Mass ‘ Relativistic increase of mass: From  Spin: Classical angular momentum  Putting the object to motion:    19 The Physical Causes of Relativity

20 Contents 20 ‘  “Space” and “Time”?  Special Relativity  Origin of Mass  General Relativity The Physical Causes of Relativity

/gravity21 The Shapiro-Experiment:   ‘ c c P=1/2 or 1 depending on direction 21 Einstein‘s view: this is a seeming reduction of c The Physical Causes of Relativity

/gravity22 The gravitational field of the sun: The application of classical refraction yields for the vertex: ‘ Now: Acceleration at rest!! P=1/2 or 1 depending on direction Integrating deflection  from –  to +  yields: 1.75 arcsec …. with Newton: 0.88 arcsec  22 This was the great breakthrough for Einstein in 1919 (Solar eclipse)!! Einstein‘s view: the path ís straight but the space is curved The Physical Causes of Relativity

/gravity23 Elementary Particle in a Gravitational Field (with Vertical Axis): ‘ Gravit. Source c c No dependency of the mass! 23 The Physical Causes of Relativity

/gravity24 Formal Treatment of General Relativity (Gravity) ‘ 24 Schwarzschild Solution: is the basis for the proofs of General Relativity: - Perihelion Advance - Gravitational Lensing - … The Physical Causes of Relativity

/gravity25 Formal Result of General Relativity (Gravity) ‘ 25 for radial motion Reduced speed of light c Reduced field distance Schwarzschild Solution for tangential motion in radial direction Lorentz Transformation (time-related) Speed split into radial/tangential portion Now Gravity: The Physical Causes of Relativity

26 The Physical Causes of Relativity 26 ‘ Field Equations Riemann Geometry Derivation of the Schwarzschild Solution (via Einstein)

/gravity27 ‘ for radial motion Reduced speed of light c Reduced field distance Schwarzschild Solution for tangential motion in radial direction Lorentz Transformation (time-related) Speed split into radial/tangential portion Now Gravity: The Physical Causes of Relativity Derivation of the Schwarzschild Solution (via the Basic Particle Model)

28 Gravity is the change of the speed of light ‘c’ in the vicinity of an object What is Gravity? ‘ But: What is the physical reason for the change of the speed of light ‘c’ in the vicinity of an object? The Physical Causes of Relativity

/gravity29 Why is ‘c’ reduced? Average speed < c ‘ Reduction of c independent of Radius  independent of mass --> by the perturbed path of a light-like particle 29 Force is the Strong Force This solves Quantum Gravity! c The Physical Causes of Relativity

/gravity30  Dark Matter  Acceleration (Dark Energy / Cosmological Constant)  Quantum Gravity ‘ 30 Open problems in Gravity / Cosmology The Physical Causes of Relativity

/gravity 31 The Dark Matter Problem: Missing Matter in a rotating Galaxy Relativity / Gravity ‘ The Physical Causes of Relativity 31

/gravity 32 Rotation of the Galaxy NGC 3198 ‘ halo (of dark matter) photons 32 Axions, neutralinos etc The Physical Causes of Relativity

/gravity 33 Inflation ‘ The need for inflation: At early times there was a causal connection between regions which move off each other at extreme speed  requirement for contracted space The Origin of Gravity 33 c/c Development of ‘c’ Big Bang now time The need for causal connection: Is also fulfilled with a high value of ‚c‘ in an unaltered space Alternativ:

/gravity 34 Need for Dark Energy? ‘ Development of the Universe: c/c Development of ‘c’ Big Bang now time The Origin of Gravity 34 Doppler-Effect: If ‚c‘ was higher at early times then we get – from the formula – a higher speed for the early supernovae. The acceleration at later times disappear. Doppler- Effekt:

/gravity 35 What is about space-time?  The “Dark Matter” phenomenon Summary  The necessity of the Equivalence Principle (which is an fact derived here)  The “only attracting” effect This approach explains:  The force #4 assigned to gravity (non-existent; step towards a unified theory)  Conflicts between gravity and quantum theory QUANTUM GRAVITY becomes obsolete This approach avoids: This approach maintains:  The classical (and naïve) understanding of space and time 35 The Physical Causes of Relativity Relativity (gravity!) can easily be understood ‘ ‘  The “Dark Energy” phenomenon What are the benefits of our approach? Space-time is not necessary, not helpful, makes relativity complicated

/gravity 36 The End ‘ 36 Basing Relativity on Physical Processes