Much Ado About Nothing? Command Relations in Amphibious Operations CAPT Don Inbody, USN.

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Presentation transcript:

Much Ado About Nothing? Command Relations in Amphibious Operations CAPT Don Inbody, USN

“You can get your planes to do anything you want, but we can’t get the Air Force to do a goddam thing!” Lt. Gen. Patton to VADM Hewitt July 1943

At Issue What is the best command relationship between CATF and CLF? –OPCON Command (Doctrinal) –Support Command (Test) Joint Pub 3-02 Test Pub 3-02

OPCON Command

Support Command

Amphibious History Historical Examples Examine Command Relations –Landing Force Commander –Navy Force Commander Determine major contentious issues for the commanders

Historical Examples (33) Veracruz Expedition Civil War Western Campaign Gallipoli Guadalcanal North Africa Sicily Salerno New Guinea Campaign (15 landings) Tarawa (2 landings) Marianas (3 landings) Normandy Southern France Leyte Iwo Jima Okinawa Inchon

Command Relations Regimes Cooperation (Support Command) OPCON Command Expeditionary OPCON

Gallipoli Cooperation Technical problems with landing Technical problems with C2 No problems related to command relations

Guadalcanal Expeditionary OPCON –Landing Force Opcon to ATF Issue: CVs supporting ATF Issue: CATF Controlling movements of landing force.

Sicily Cooperation Issue: Air/CV Support Airborne movements not coordinated

Salerno Cooperation (Support Command) Withdrawal from landing beach Issue: Air Support (cooperative) CV Support

New Guinea Campaign Cooperation (3 landings) OPCON (12 landings) Issue: CV support MacArthur presence (Strong CinC) Mitigated command relations problems

Leyte OPCON Command Issue: CV Support of ATF

Marianas OPCON Command Issue: Corps Control of Separated landings (resolved)

Iwo Jima Issue: Pre D-day NGFS –resolved for Okinawa

Summary

Cooperation (Support) Issues GallipoliC2 from ship to shore New GuineaCV Support (x3) SicilyAir/CV Support SicilyAirborne coordination

Expeditionary OPCON Issues GuadalcanalCV Support

OPCON Command Issues SalernoAir Support New GuineaCV Support (x8) MarianasCLF Corps Cmd LeyteCV Support Iwo JimaPre D-day Fires

Summary of Issues

Conclusions Air/CV Support is principal issue –Large carriers never under CATF control –Land Based Air power not responsive to CLF control CATF & CLF relationship –Different command relationship would not have solved most issues

Conclusions (cont) Landing Force Commander must have equal access to higher headquarters Strong JFC can mitigate coordination issues –JFC’s presence MacArthur (SWPA, Inchon) Spruance –Clear commander’s guidance

Conclusions (cont) CATF will ultimately support CLF

Implications for Joint Force Cdr JFC must provide clear guidance for air support JFC must provide clear commander’s guidance to CLF and CATF

Much Ado About Nothing? Maybe so...

“Land Officers have no pretense to command at sea. Sea Officers have no pretense to command on land.” Royal Navy Signal Book 1744