Structure and Function in Animals and Plants Unit 2 Lesson 2 Structure and Function in Animals and Plants S8.B1.1.1,2,4 1

Organization in Multicellular Organisms: Cells are differentiated Specialized to perform certain jobs Can look very different from one another Tissue group of similar cells that work together to perform a particular function Organ A group of 2 or more tissues that work together to perform a particular function Organ System A group of related organs that work together to perform a particular function 2

4. Digestive System 2. Tissue 3. Stomach (organ) 1. muscle cell 5. Organism Organ System Cell Tissue Organ 3 Organism

4 Types of Animal Tissue: 1. Muscle Tissue -Contract for Movement & Support     B. Skeletal muscle         - voluntary (works when you want it to)     C. Cardiac Muscle         - Only found in the heart         - Involuntary (works all the time)     D. Smooth Muscle         - involuntary (works all the time) 2. Nerve Tissue     -Gives signals to muscles, informs us of environmental conditions (hot, cold)     - Found in Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerves 3. Epithelial Tissue     - Lines our organs 4. Connective Tissue     - Connects, supports, and protects other tissues         - ligaments, tendons, cartilage, bone, blood, fibers (organ walls) 4

Animal and Plant Cells Cells contain organelles that do a certain function in a cell Animal cells do not have chloroplasts and cell walls Cool Animation!

Vertebrates vs Invertebrates: Animal with a backbone Backbone is part of an endoskeleton Internal skeleton Supports the body from the inside and gives it shape Made of bones that grow as the animal gets bigger Includes the chordates (fish amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals) 6

Vertebrates vs Invertebrates: Animal without a backbone Includes the non-chordates (insects, spiders, mollusks, worms, crustaceans, starfish) Can have soft body or an Exoskeleton Hard outer covering Covers & protects the soft body Does not grow as the animal gets bigger. They are shed and re-grown bigger as the animal grows 7

Body Plans Symmetric Body Plan: How the parts of an organism are arranged. Symmetric Body Plan: Most animals have this type An imaginary line can divide their bodies into mirror images All vertebrates and some invertebrates have bilateral symmetry (has a left, right, front, back side) Some invertebrates have radial symmetry (body parts radiate out from a central point) 8

Radial vs Bilateral Symmetry

Circulatory Systems Closed Open Vertebrates have this type Blood flows through the body in a network of small and large blood vessels Open Some Invertebrates (insects, crustaceans, and mollusks) Blood empties from large blood vessels into a body cavity

Adaptation A physical feature or behavior that helps an organism survive and reproduce. Ex. Jackrabbit Live in deserts (hot and dry) Have very long ears (adaptation) Excess heat from their bodies escapes from the large surface area of the rabbit’s ears Polar Bear

Adaptation Ex. Cactus Plant Adapted for hot and dry environments Have spines (reduced leaves) help prevent water loss Have thick fleshy stems that store water Shallow wide-spreading roots Video “Adaptations to biomes”

Vascular Plants Include trees, bushes, grasses, and ferns Can grow tall Plants that move water and nutrients through vascular tissue Tube-like structures that move water and nutrients through the roots, stems, and leaves

2 Kinds of Vascular Tissue: Xylem moves water from the roots to the rest of the plant Phloem Moves sugars (food) that are made in the leaves to the rest of the plant Structure Function Root Anchors the plant and takes water and minerals from the soil Leaves Captures sunlight. Takes in oxygen for respiration Stems Supports the plant and connects roots to leaves

Nonvascular Plants Include mosses and liverworts No vascular tissue Can not grow tall Do not have true roots, stems, and leaves Grow in moist areas so they are close to water Move water and nutrients through a process called Diffusion the process by which molecules spread from areas of high concentration, to areas of low concentration. When the molecules are even throughout a space - it is called EQUILIBRIUM