Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Out of Many A History of the American People Seventh Edition Chapter The South and Slavery 1790s-1850s 10
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage The South and Slavery 1790s-1850s King Cotton and Southern Expansion The African American Community Freedom and Resistance The White Majority Planters The Defense of Slavery Conclusion
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage A Slave auction in Virginia. 1861
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Chapter Focus Questions How did attitudes in the South toward slavery change after the invention of the cotton gin? What is a “slave society”? What was life like for slaves in the American South? What role did religion play in African American slave communities?
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Chapter Focus Questions (cont’d) What were the values of yeoman farmers? Who were the planter elite? Why was the white South increasingly defensive after 1830?
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage North America and Marion, AL
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Cotton Communities in the Old Southwest Samuel Townes rebelled and moved to Alabama to create a plantation. Panic of 1837 devastated his ambitions. White community support was weak due to rapid expansion westward. African Americans built their own, stronger communities, often invisible to whites.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage King Cotton and Southern Expansion
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Model of Eli Whitney’s cotton gin, invented in 1793
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage MAP 10.1 The South Expands, 1790–1850
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Cotton and Expansion into the Old Southwest Eli Whitney’s and Catherine Greene’s cotton gin made cultivating short-staple cotton profitable, revolutionizing the Southern economy. After the War of 1812 Southerners expanded into Western Georgia, Alabama and Mississippi, driving out the Indians who already lived there,
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Cotton and Expansion into the Old Southwest (cont'd) A generation later they poured into Louisiana and Texas.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Cotton and Expansion into the Old Southwest (cont'd) Each surge of expansion ignited a speculative frenzy. The expansion of cotton was concentrated in the rich soil sections of the South known as the black belt. The expansion of cotton cultivation led to an expansion of slavery.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage FIGURE 10.1 Cotton Exports as a Percentage of All U.S. Exports, 1800–1860
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Slavery the Mainspring—Again Cotton was exported to Britain in increasing quantities while also supplying Northern textile mills. Southern slavery supported Northern industrialization, while Northern businesses provided insurance and shipping services. Because of its importance, cotton became the “King” of the American economy.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Groups of slaves, chained together in gangs called coffles
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage A Slave Society in a Changing World The growth of the cotton economy committed the South to slavery. While Northern industry expanded, the economy of the South lagged behind. In other parts of the nation, attitudes toward slavery were changing. Slave states were losing their political dominance as population shifted.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage MAP 10.2 Cotton Production and the Slave Population, 1820–60
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Slaves, dressed in new clothing, lined up outside a New Orleans slave pen for inspection by potential buyers
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage The Second Middle Passage: The Internal Slave Trade The cotton boom caused a huge increase in the internal slave trade. Slaves were chained, penned and treated like livestock in Natchez and New Orleans markets. The size of the slave trade made a mockery of Southern claims of benevolence.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage MAP 10.3 Internal Slave Trade, 1820–60
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage The African American Community
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Slave quarters built by slave owners
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage The Mature American Slave System Congress banned the international slave trade in 1808 so the South relied on natural increase and the internal slave trade. The slave population grew from 700,000 in 1790 to 4 million in Slavery became increasingly concentrated on larger farms and plantations.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage The Mature American Slave System (cont’d) By law, slaves were property with no protection from abuse. Masters nonetheless learned to deal with slave families and the church, two key institutions of African American life.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage The Growth of the Slave Community The growth of the slave population was due to the high fertility rate of African American women. Health remained a life long issue for slaves and pregnant women were usually malnourished. Slaves were more at risk due to poor living conditions and lived shorter lives than whites.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage From Cradle to Grave Slavery was a life long labor system. Southern slave owners claimed that taking care of the slave was an act of benevolence. Black children had no schooling. Blacks learned to adapt to whites’ expectations, with malingering and sabotage to slow the pace of work, taking advantage of white prejudice.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage FIGURE 10.2 Distribution of Slave Labor, 1850
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Field Work and the Gang System of Labor 75 percent of slaves were field workers; 55 percent were engaged in cotton growing. Most slaves worked in gangs of 20 to 25 from first light to dusk. Work was extremely tedious. Slaves aged fast in this regime due to poor diet and heavy labor.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage House Servants and Skilled Workers One third of female slaves in Virginia worked as house servants by House servants were better fed and clothed and had access to more information. The most unpleasant thing was the constant presence of white people. Other slaves learned skilled trades, but their labor profited only their masters
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage House Servants and Skilled Workers (cont'd) In Southern towns, slaves did work of Northern free laborers.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Thomas Jefferson used this revolving bookstand with five adjustable bookrests at Monticello.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Slave Families Slave marriages were: not recognized by law, frequently not respected by masters, a haven of love and intimacy for the slaves. Parents gave children a supportive and protective kinship network. Slave families were often split up.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Slave Families (cont'd) Separated children drew upon supportive networks of family and friends, “uncles” and “aunts” replacing distant parents.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage African cultural patterns persisted in the preference for night funerals and for solemn pageantry and song
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Freedom and Resistance
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Harriet Tubman
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage African American Religion Slaves although not permitted to practice African religions, survivals worked their way into the slaves’ folk culture. The first and second Great Awakenings introduced Christianity to many slaves. In the 1790s, African American churches began emerging. Whites hoped religion would make the slaves obedient.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage African American Religion (cont'd) Slaves found a liberating message that strengthened their sense of community and offered them spiritual freedom.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Other Kinds of Resistance White Southerners did everything they could to keep blacks from escaping. “Running away nearby” and hiding in the swamps or woods for about a week and then returning was more common. Harriet Tubman became a folk hero for her role in leading slaves to freedom.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Other Kinds of Resistance (cont'd) Even failed rebellion threatened the slave system and warned masters of the danger of discontent.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Badges
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Slave Revolts Gabriel Prosser and Denmark Vesey organized conspiracies to attack whites (but failed) Richmond (1800) / Charleston (1822) Nat Turner led most famous slave revolt in Southampton County, Virginia in 1831 Turner used religious imagery to lead slaves as they killed 55 whites.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Slave Revolts (cont'd) After Turner’s revolt, white Southerners were reminded by the threat of slave insurrection that only force kept African Americans enslaved.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage The moment, almost two months after the failure of his famous and bloody slave revolt, when Nat Turner was accidentally discovered in the woods near his home plantation
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Free African Americans By 1860, there were nearly 250,000 free African Americans in the South, mainly working as tenants or farm laborers. In cities, free African American communities flourished but had a precarious position as their members lacked basic civil rights. All free Africans challenged Southern assumptions of white superiority.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage The White Majority
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage The Tullie Smith house
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Poor White People Between 30 to 50 percent of southern whites were landless. These poor whites lived a marginal existence as laborers and tenants. They engaged in complex and sometimes clandestine relations with slaves. “Poor white trash” seemed to blur the lines between slave and free, but even poor whites upheld notions of their supremacy.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Southern “Plain Folk” Two-thirds of all southern whites lived in non-slaveholding families. Most yeomen were self-sufficient farmers. The strong sense of community was reinforced by close kin connections and bartering.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Southern “Plain Folk” (cont’d) Some yeomen hoped to acquire slaves themselves, but many were content with self sufficient non-market agriculture. Yeomen supported slavery because they believed that it brought them higher status. The economic “freedom” that whites cherished rested on slavery.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage The Middling Ranks A commercial middle class of merchants, bankers, factors, and lawyers: arose to sell southern crops on the world market, lived in cities that acted as shipping centers for agricultural goods.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage The Middling Ranks (cont'd) Some Southern industry—textiles in South Carolina, the Tredegar Iron Works in Richmond—developed, but most whites saw business and trade as lacking true independence.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Planters
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage The gang system used in cotton cultivation
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage FIGURE 10.3 Slaveholding and Class Structure in the South, 1830
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Small Slave Owners Most slaveholders owned only a few slaves. Bad crops or high prices that curtailed or increased income affected slave-holding status Middle class professionals had an easier time climbing the ladder of success, but often then bought or married into the slave-owning elite.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage The Planter Elite Most slaveholders inherited their wealth but sought to expand it. As slavery spread so did the slave-owning elite. The extraordinary concentration of wealth created an elite lifestyle. A handful of planters owned 1,000 to 2,000 slaves and built palatial mansions.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Creating a Plantation Ideology Most wealthy planters lived isolated lives. Some planters cultivated an image of gracious living in the style of English aristocrats, but plantations were large enterprises that required much attention to a variety of tasks. Plantations aimed to be self-sufficient.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Creating a Plantation Ideology (cont'd) While men cultivated an paternalistic ideology, the plantation mistress bore the burden of supervising the slave and free household.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Coercion and Violence The slave system rested on coercion and violence. Slave women were vulnerable to sexual exploitation, though long-term relationships developed. Children of master-slave relationships seldom were publicly acknowledged and often remained in bondage.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Coercion and Violence (cont'd) Violence was used by men and women alike to control slaves. The humanity of the system owed more to slaves than to masters.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage “Gordon under Medical Inspection”
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage The Defense of Slavery
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Developing Proslavery Arguments Pro-slavery arguments justifications in the Bible or classical Greece and Rome, the Constitution’s recognition of slavery The Missouri Compromise alarmed most southerners. Denmark Vesey’s conspiracy was blamed on Northern anti-slavery sentiment by South Carolinians.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Developing Proslavery Arguments (cont'd) After Nat Turner’s Rebellion, any criticism of slavery was seem as a threat to the South.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage After Nat Turner In the 1830’s, southern states began to barricade themselves from outside anti- slavery propaganda such as William Lloyd Garrison’s Liberator. In 1836, southerners introduced a “gag rule” in Washington to prevent congressional consideration of abolitionist bills.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage After Nat Turner (cont'd) John Henry Hammond, John C. Calhoun and George Fitzhugh defended slavery as a positive good, superior to Northern free labor.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage MAP 10.4 Population Patterns in the South, 1850
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Changes in the South Growing cost of slaves percentage of slaveholders declined and class divisions widened The slave system disintegrated in southern cities. Economic changes adversely affected poor whites and yeomen.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Changes in the South (cont'd) North Carolinian Hinton Rowan Helper denounced slavery in 1857, but his book was published in New York. Reliance on slavery made the South unwilling to change or compromise.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Conclusion
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage The South and Slavery 1790s-1850s The spread of cotton cultivation brought new states into the Union but fastened the slave labor system on the South. Southerners denied their dependence on slave labor and clung white supremacist ideology.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage The South and Slavery 1790s-1850s (cont’d) As the South closed ranks against criticism of slavery, Southern leaders became more rigid and unwilling to compromise in national politics.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Chronology