Introduction to Biomedical Engineering Reporter: AGNES Purwidyantri Student ID no: D Biomedical Engineering Dept.

1. Evolution of the Modern Health Care System The Ancient Health Care System 1.Sick child related to superstitious things 2.Hyppocrates – 460 B.C  Systematic observations not superstition  Ethical principle which form our current ethical guidelines 3.European  Florence Nightingale- health care of soldiers (Crimean War)  Invention of microscope- van Leeuwenhoek (1670s)  Pasteur (1860s)  Semmelweis (1840s) – hand washing  Lister (1860s) –antiseptics  Koch (1870s) – microbe with disease  Fleming (1920s) – penicillin

4. American first medical training  1756 College of Philadelphia (Univ. of Penn)  1768 King’s College (Columbia)  Most trained in an apprenticeship process  Process unregulated and unstructured The Ancient Health Care System (Continued) Cambridge Scientific Instrument Co. First ECG Machine Type (1911)

Health Care Nowadays Drug Delivery Device Development Clinical Diagnostics and Life Science Instrumentation Surgical and Interventional Devices Wireless Medical Technology

2. What is Biomedical Engineering? Application of engineering technology to fields of medicine and biology. Combines design and problem solving skills of engineering with medical and biological sciences Improve the quality of life by developing and advancing medical care and technology Emerging field Interdisciplinary – engineers, physicians, nurses, therapists, biologists

Schematic Representation of Biomedical Engineering BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING Diagnosis Monitoring Therapy Advanced Healthcare System Engineering Medicine Biology Healthcare Purposes Healthcare Purposes Necessities Human life quality improvement

The work field of biomedical engineers Field Service Engineer for Medical Device Company Clinical Engineer in Hospital Research Engineer for Company Management Position for Company Self-Employed Biomedical Engineer for Consulting Firm Hospital Administrator with MBA for Hospital The possibilities are endless

Terminology & Multidiscipline Involved Biomedical Engineering Biotechnology Bioengineering Biomechatronics Bioinstrumentation Biomaterials Biomechanics Bionics Cellular, tissue, genetic engineering Medical imaging Bionanotechnology Chemical engineering Electrical engineering Mechanical Engineering

3. Biomedical Engineering Special Fields Biotechnology and Pharmaceuticals ◦Use “biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof.” ◦Tissue Engineering  Ability to take cells out of a person and keep them alive in culture for an extended period of time in order to create artificial organs ◦Genetic Engineering  Direct manipulation of an organism’s genes ◦Pharmaceutical Engineering  Development of pharmaceutical products such as drugs

Medical Devices ◦Diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease ◦Medical imaging enables clinicians to directly or indirectly view things not visible in plain sight  MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)  Projection radiography such as x-rays and CT scans  Ultrasound MRI for Axial and coronal DTI measurements

◦Bioinstrumentation uses electronics (computers) and measurement principles: Nervous system: EMG-Muscle/ EEG-brain, ◦Cardiovascular: ECG- heart/blood pressure The evolution of electrocardiograph

◦Artificial Organs and Implants are used to replace and act as a missing biological structure  Pacemaker  Artificial heart  Corrective lenses  Ocular prosthetics  Cochlear implants  Dental implants

Biomechanics ◦Uses mechanics applied to biological or medical problems  Joint or limb replacements  Design ergonomic devices  Study disease mechanisms Challenges: Linking to biological inputs Sensory feedback Complexity of biology (arm alone is controlled by >70 muscles Controlled strength

Neural Engineering Neural Engineering  Understand, repair, replace, enhance, or otherwise exploit the properties of neural systems.  Solve design problems at the interface of living neural tissue and non-living constructs Neural imaging Neural networks Neural interfaces Brain computer interfaces Microsystems Microelectrode arrays Neural prostheses Neurorobotics Neural tissue regeneration Grafts Neural enhancement

Neural prostheses Chemical, electrical, and mechanical backgrounds Restoring lost neurological function

Neural prostheses – A different approach Targeted muscle reinnervation (TMR) Relocate nerves from arm to chest Electrode picks up neuron firing in chest Software analyzes firing and drives actuator

Clinical Engineering ◦Deals with actual implementation of medical equipment and technologies in hospitals and other clinical settings ◦Health care systems management ◦Overall hospital planning and development ◦Safety and risk management

When Med.Doctors meet Engineers What kind of R & D had been conducted so far? (areas, research team, market, funding, etc.) What kind of cooperation was observed between medical doctors and engineers regarding the R & D? What factors promoted or limited the cooperation? What measures were necessary for promoting cooperation? What kind of cooperation did R & D have from firms? How did they evaluate government policy and regulations?

Future Outlooks Food contents control  Toxins  Allergens  Genetically Modified Organisms  Nutritional Values

Pathogenic Species Identification ~ bacteria 16s rRNA sequencing chip ~ biomolecules detection

References Brozino, J Introduction to Biomedical Engineering (2 nd Edition). A volume in Biomedical Engineering. Pp Enderle, J., Blanchard, S., Bronzino, J Introduction to biomedical engineering. Academic Press. Morgan, B. J Clinical Engineering Handbook. A volume in Biomedical Engineering 2004 (69): Linninger, A. A Biomedical Systems Research-New Perspective Opened by Quantitative Medical Imaging. Computers & Chemical Engineering 2012 (36): 1-9. Yoda, T Cooperation between medical doctors and engineers for developing advanced medical devices. Institute for Future Technology Fukagawa, Koto-ku, Tokyo JAPAN.

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