Biomass in Stems vs Leaves. OakNorthern PineSpruce 27 24 21 18 15 12 9 6 3 0 500100015002000500 1000 1500 2000 Annual Precipitation (mm) July Temperature.

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Presentation transcript:

Biomass in Stems vs Leaves

OakNorthern PineSpruce Annual Precipitation (mm) July Temperature ( o C) Figure 20.2 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

Annual Precipitation (mm) Annual Mean Temperature (  C) Probability Of Occurrence Figure 20.3 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

Shade Tolerance HighLow Drought Tolerance High Low Shade Tolerance HighLow Drought Tolerance High Low Decreasing Maximum Growth Rate Biomass Low High Soil Moisture Wet Dry Biomass Low High Soil Moisture Wet Dry Figure 20.4 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

Oct-6331-Oct-6330-Nov Dec Jan Feb-6429-Mar Apr May Jun Jul-64 Number Of Main Roots Wheatgrass Cheatgrass SparseModerateDense Density Of Cheatgrass Number Of Survivors (per m 2 ) Height (cm) Density - June Density - October Height - June Maximum Root Length (cm) Wheatgrass 273 Cheatgrass Wheatgrass Cheatgrass Wheatgrass 136 Cheatgrass Wheatgrass Cheatgrass 273 Number Of Plants Figure 20.5 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

Field B Field C Litter C:N Ratio Nitrogen Addition (g m -2 yr -1 ) Net Carbon Storage (g C g N -1 ) Fields B, C Nitrogen Addition (g m -2 yr -1 ) Field B Field C C 4 Biomass (%) Nitrogen Addition (g m -2 yr -1 ) Field B Field C Species Richness Nitrogen Addition (g m -2 yr -1 ) Figure 20.6 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

Elevation (m) Percent Of Stand American beech Elevation (m) Percent Of Stand Yellow poplarYellow birchMountain silverbell Sugar mapleWhite basswoodYellow buckeye Figure 20.7 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

Figure Elevation (m) Percent Of Stand Blackjack oakVirginia pine Pitch pine Scarlet oak Table mountain pine Chestnut oak Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

F B SF ROC CF P OH ROC OCF OCH P B, beech forest Xeric Dry Moderately dry Mesic Cold Moderately wet CF, cove forest F, Fraser fir forest HB GB OCH, chestnut oak-chestnut (dead) heath OH, oak-hickory forest P, pine forest and heath ROC, red oak-chestnut (dead) forest SF, spruce-fir forest OCF, chestnut oak-chestnut (dead) forest GB, grassy bald HB, heath bald H, hemlock forest OCH H H H OH SF 1981 m (6500 ft) 1676 m (5500 ft) Figure 20.9 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

Species Rank Percent Of Stand Beech forest Cove forest Yellow buckeye Beech Mountain silverbell White basswood Sugar maple Yellow birch Hemlock Yellow buckeye Sweet birch Yellow birch Mtn silverbell White ash Striped maple Red maple Chestnut (dead) Figure Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

Red Oak- Pignut Hickory Forest White Basswood Pitch Pine Heath Virginia Pine Forest Table Mountain Pine Heath Grassy Bald White Oak- Chestnut Forest Chestnut Oak- Chestnut Heath Chestnut Oak- Chestnut Forest Red Oak- Pignut Hickory Forest Cove Forests Hemlock Forest Beech Forest Mesic Type Sedge Type CovesFlatsDrawsSheltered Slopes Open SlopesRidges And Peaks CanyonsRavines MesicXeric Elevation (feet) Heath Bald Red Oak-Chestnut Forest Chestnut Oak Pitch Pine Heath Virginia Pine Forest Table Mountain Pine Heath Grassy Bald White Oak- Chestnut Forest Chestnut Oak- Chestnut Heath Chestnut Oak- Chestnut Forest Red Oak- Pignut Hickory Forest Cove Forests Hemlock Forest Beech Forest Mesic Type Sedge Type CovesFlatsDrawsSheltered Slopes Open SlopesRidges And Peaks CanyonsRavines MesicXeric Elevation (meters) Heath Bald Red Oak- Chestnut Forest Eastern Hemlock Pitch Pine Heath Virginia Pine Forest Table Mountain Pine Heath Grassy Bald White Oak- Chestnut Forest Chestnut Oak- Chestnut Heath Hemlock Forest Beech Forest Sedge Type CovesFlatsDrawsSheltered Slopes Open SlopesRidges And Peaks CanyonsRavines MesicXeric Elevation (feet) Heath Bald Red Oak-Chestnut Forest Pitch Pine Heath Virginia Pine Forest Table Mountain Pine Heath Grassy Bald White Oak- Chestnut Forest Chestnut Oak- Chestnut Heath Chestnut Oak- Chestnut Forest Red Oak- Pignut Hickory Forest Cove Forests Hemlock Forest Beech Forest Mesic Type Sedge Type CovesFlatsDrawsSheltered Slopes Open SlopesRidges And Peaks CanyonsRavines MesicXeric Elevation (meters) Heath Bald Red Oak-Chestnut Forest Red Maple Chestnut Oak- Chestnut Forest Cove Forests Mesic Type Figure Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

Soil Water Temperature Soil Water Biological Performance (abundance, growth, survival) Temperature Soil Water Light Low High 100% 75% 50% 25% 0 % Growth Figure 20.1 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

Foliage and fruit Root Branch Stem Total Living: g m -2 Biomass Net Primary Production: 1002 g m -2 yr -1 Net Ecosystem Production: 322 g m -2 yr Decomposition Root Branch Stem Foliage and fruit Production And Decomposition Sugar maple 35% Beech 27% Yellow birch 23% Paper birch 5% Red spruce 4% Balsam fir 3% Pin cherry 2% Striped maple 1% Density: 549 trees per ha (> 10 cm DBH) DBH > 10 cm Low ( m) Middle ( m) Upper ( m) Density (per ha) Sugar mapleBeechYellow birch Figure 21.1 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

Leaf Stem Root Leaf Stem Root Tree Shrub Consumers Litter Decomposers Humus GrazingLitterfall Gross Primary Production Autotrophic Respiration Heterotrophic Respiration Figure 21.2 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

Understory Foliage Standing dead Mineral soil Forest floor Understory 72 Stem 8271 Branch Total Living: 9334 g C m -2 Total Detritus: 6510 g C m -2 Total Ecosystem: g C m -2 Mineral soil Standing dead Moss 60 Stem 3633 Branch Foliage Total Living: 4924 g C m -2 Total Detritus: g C m -2 Total Ecosystem: g C m -2 Mineral soil Forest floor Standing dead Lichen 347 Understory Stem 413Branch Foliage 103 Total Living: 3455 g Cm -2 Total Detritus: 3443 g C m -2 Total Ecosystem: 6898 g C m -2 Quaking AspenBlack SpruceJack Pine Age: 67 years Height: 20 m Density: 980 ha -1 Mean diameter: 20 cm LAI: 3.3 m 2 m -2 Age: 115 years Height: 7 m Density: 5900 ha -1 Mean diameter: 7 cm LAI: 5.6 m 2 m -2 Age: 65 years Height: 13 m Density: 1190 ha -1 Mean diameter: 13 cm LAI: 2.4 m 2 m -2 Stand Structure Living Biomass Detritus Figure 21.3 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

Elevation (meters) Tree Production (g m -2 yr -1 ) Low ( m) Middle ( m) Upper ( m) Figure 21.4 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

Aboveground Net Primary Production (g m -2 yr -1 ) Pre-TreatmentTreated Figure Stem Diameter (cm) New Foliage (kg) Untreated Irrigated Fertilized Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

Total Tree And Understory Forest Floor And Soil Stand Age (years) Biomass (g m -2 ) Stand Age (years) Leaf Area Index (m 2 m -2 ) Aboveground NPP (g m -2 yr -1 ) LAI NPP Figure 21.6 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

352 g C m -2 yr -1 Wood 50% Wood 7% Foliage 21% Understory 15% Understory 7% 166 g C m -2 yr -1 Wood 48% Wood 7% Foliage 5% Foliage 25% Understory 8% Moss 7% 117 g C m -2 yr -1 Wood 51% Wood 11% Foliage 2% Foliage 32% Understory 4% 392 g C m -2 yr -1 Aboveground 90% Belowground 10% 286 g C m -2 yr -1 Aboveground 58% Belowground 42% 222 g C m -2 yr -1 Aboveground 53% Belowground 47% Quaking Aspen Total NPP Aboveground NPP Black Spruce Jack Pine Figure 21.7 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

Precipitation (mm) Temperature (  C) P T Precipitation (mm) Temperature (  C) PT Precipitation (mm) Temperature (  C) PT Precipitation (mm) Temperature (  C) PT Precipitation (mm) Temperature (  C) PT Precipitation (mm) Temperature (  C) PT Height (m) Height (m) Height (m) Height (m) Height (m) Height (m) Longitude (  W) Elevation (meters) Distance (km) Old growth Sitka spruce and Western hemlock Biomass: 71.1 kg m -2 LAI: 6.4 Juniper woodland Biomass: 1.1 kg m -2 LAI: 0.4 Ponderosa pine Biomass: 1.5 kg m -2 LAI: 0.9 Mountain hemlock Biomass: 37.0 kg m -2 LAI: 1.9 Douglas fir and Western hemlock Biomass: 40.8 kg m -2 LAI: 8.6 Douglas fir Biomass: 47.1 kg m -2 LAI: Carbon Allocation (g C m -2 yr -1 ) 879 g C m -2 yr g C m -2 yr g C m -2 yr g C m -2 yr Growth Respiration Maintenance Respiration (Foliage) Maintenance Respiration (Sapwood) Aboveground NPP Belowground Allocation 364 g C m -2 yr g C m -2 yr -1 Figure 21.8 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

Hydrologic Export 0.40 g m -2 yr -1 Throughfall Stemflow 0.27 g m -2 yr g m -2 yr -1 Root Litter 0.62 g m -2 yr -1 Root Litter 0.32 g m -2 yr -1 Aboveground Biomass Pool: 38.3 g m -2 Gain: 0.54 g m -2 yr -1 Translocation 0.51 g m -2 yr -1 Throughfall Stemflow 0.67 g m -2 yr -1 Litterfall 4.07 g m -2 yr -1 Belowground Biomass Pool: 10.1 g m -2 Gain: 0.27 g m -2 yr -1 Forest Floor Pool: 37.2 g m -2 Gain: 0.14 g m -2 yr -1 Precipitation 0.22 g m -2 yr -1 Soil Available 51.0 g m -2 Mineral Soil: 960 g m -2 Rock: 6460 g m -2 Weathering 2.11 g m -2 yr -1 Mineralization 4.24 g m -2 yr -1 Root Exudate 0.35 g m -2 yr -1 Vegetation Uptake 6.22 g m -2 yr -1 Hydrologic Export 1.39 g m -2 yr -1 Organically-bound Ca Inorganic Ca Aboveground Biomass Pool: 35.1 g m -2 Gain: 0.48 g m -2 yr -1 Translocation 3.98 g m -2 yr -1 Litterfall 5.42 g m -2 yr -1 Belowground Biomass Pool: 18.1 g m -2 Gain: 0.42 g m -2 yr -1 Forest Floor Pool: g m -2 Gain: 0.77 g m -2 yr -1 Precipitation 0.65 g m -2 yr -1 Soil Available Mineralization 6.97 g m -2 yr -1 Root Exudate 0.01 g m -2 yr g m -2 yr -1 Vegetation Uptake 7.96 g m -2 yr -1 Denitrification ? Organic N Inorganic N CalciumNitrogen N Fixation 1.42 g m -2 yr -1 Figure 21.9 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

Foliage Stump 1170 Branch Bole Total Biomass: g m -2 Yellow Poplar Stump 1040 Foliage 340 Branch Bole Total Biomass: g m -2 Oak-Hickory Foliage Stump 1220 Branch Bole Total Biomass: g m -2 Chestnut Oak Figure Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

Litterfall 4.5 g m -2 yr -1 Foliage Pool: 5.8 g m -2 Branch and Bole Pool: 88.7 g m -2 Gain: 2.5 g m -2 yr -1 Vegetation Uptake 8.2 g m -2 yr -1 Translocation 0.1 g m -2 yr -1 Throughfall Stemflow 1.2 g m -2 yr -1 Mortality 0.3 g m -2 yr -1 Forest Floor Pool: 31.8 g m -2 Litterfall 5.8 g m -2 yr -1 Foliage Pool: 7.5 g m -2 Branch and Bole Pool: 51.7 g m -2 Gain: 1.1 g m -2 yr -1 Vegetation Uptake 8.1 g m -2 yr -1 Translocation 0.5 g m -2 yr -1 Throughfall Stemflow 1.2 g m -2 yr -1 Mortality 0.4 g m -2 yr -1 Forest Floor Pool: 29.4 g m -2 Litterfall 4.9 g m -2 yr -1 Foliage Pool: 7.0 g m -2 Branch and Bole Pool: 87.4 g m -2 Gain: 2.8 g m -2 yr -1 Vegetation Uptake 9.2 g m -2 yr -1 Translocation 0.6 g m -2 yr -1 Throughfall Stemflow 1.5 g m -2 yr -1 Mortality 0.7 g m -2 yr -1 Forest Floor Pool: 41.7 g m -2 Chestnut Oak Yellow PoplarOak-Hickory Litterfall 3.4 g m -2 yr -1 Foliage Pool: 7.5 g m -2 Branch and Bole Pool: 35.6 g m -2 Gain: 2.5 g m -2 yr -1 Vegetation Uptake 6.2 g m -2 yr -1 Translocation 3.8 g m -2 yr -1 Throughfall Stemflow 0.3 g m -2 yr -1 Mortality 0.1 g m -2 yr -1 Forest Floor Pool: 29.8 g m -2 Litterfall 3.6 g m -2 yr -1 Foliage Pool: 7.8 g m -2 Branch and Bole Pool: 18.9 g m -2 Gain: 2.5 g m -2 yr -1 Vegetation Uptake 6.4 g m -2 yr -1 Translocation 3.9 g m -2 yr -1 Throughfall Stemflow 0.3 g m -2 yr -1 Mortality 0.2 g m -2 yr -1 Forest Floor Pool: 18.7 g m -2 Litterfall 3.7 g m -2 yr -1 Foliage Pool: 6.7 g m -2 Branch and Bole Pool: 33.2 g m -2 Gain: 2.6 g m -2 yr -1 Vegetation Uptake 6.7 g m -2 yr -1 Translocation 2.6 g m -2 yr -1 Throughfall Stemflow 0.4 g m -2 yr -1 Mortality 0.3 g m -2 yr -1 Forest Floor Pool: 33.4 g m -2 Calcium Nitrogen Precipitation 1.3 g m -2 yr -1 Precipitation 1.3 g m -2 yr -1 Precipitation 1.3 g m -2 yr -1 Figure Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

High Net Primary Production High Foliage Nitrogen Concentration High Nitrogen Uptake High Nitrogen Availability High Mineralization Rate High Nitrogen Return In Litter Low Net Primary Production Low Foliage Nitrogen Concentration Low Nitrogen Uptake Low Nitrogen Availability Low Mineralization Rate Low Nitrogen Return In Litter Figure Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

Nitrogen Mineralization (g N m -2 yr -1 ) Aboveground Net Primary Production (g m -2 yr -1 ) Red Pine Hemlock White Pine Red Oak White Oak Sugar Maple Sugar Maple Nitrogen Mineralization (g N m -2 yr -1 ) N Return In Litter (g N m -2 yr -1 ) Red Pine Hemlock White Pine Red Oak White Oak Sugar Maple Sugar Maple Nitrogen Mineralization (g N m -2 yr -1 ) P Return In Litter (g P m -2 yr -1 ) Sugar Maple Red Pine Hemlock White Pine Red Oak White Oak Sugar Maple Carbon:Nitrogen Ratio Nitrogen Mineralization (g N m -2 yr -1 ) Red Pine Sugar Maple Sugar Maple Hemlock White Pine White Oak Red Oak Figure Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

Figure Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

g m g m g m g m g m -2 yr g m -2 yr g m -2 yr g m -2 yr g N m (0.17%) 7.3 (0.45%) 5.2 (2.22%) 86 (1.48%) 26.6 g N m (2.06%) 5.7 (0.32%) 15.0 (0.15%) 69 (1.45%) 15.6 (0.15%) 6.1 (0.40%) 4.6 (1.71%) 26.3 g N m (1.23%) 10.0 (0.07%) 8.9 (0.54%) 8.5 (0.68%) 27.4 g N m (0.77%) 3.2 (0.41%) 4.0 (0.72%) 5.1 (0.14%) 12.3 g N m (0.82%) Foliage Branch Trunk Forest Floor g N m -2 yr g N m -2 yr g N m -2 yr g N m -2 yr Forest Floor Trunk Branch Foliage g m Branch7 33Foliage Trunk Litterfall g m -2 yr -1 Branch Foliage Trunk Litterfall g N m -2 yr -1 Black Spruce White Spruce Paper Birch Quaking Aspen Balsam Poplar BiomassNitrogenNPPN Uptake Figure Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

Soil Degree-Days Forest Floor Thickness (cm) Black Spruce White Spruce Paper Birch Balsam Poplar Quaking Aspen Forest Floor Biomass/Forest Floor N N Requirement (g m -2 yr -1 ) N Mineralization (g m -2 yr -1 ) Tree Production (g m -2 yr -1 ) Soil Degree-Days Annual Decomposition (%) Forest Floor Biomass/Forest Floor N Litterfall Biomass/Litterfall N Soil Degree-Days Tree Production (g m -2 yr -1 ) Figure Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

Net Ecosystem Production (g C m -2 day -1 ) Uptake Release Figure GPP Respiration Carbon Flux (g C m -2 day -1 ) Uptake Release Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

Gross Primary Production, Ecosystem Respiration (g C m -2 yr -1 ) Net Ecosystem Production (g C m -2 yr -1 ) GPP R NEP Figure Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

Cumulative NEP (g C m -2 ) Carbon Flux (g C m -2 day -1 ) Release Net Ecosystem Production (g C m -2 day -1 ) Uptake Release Uptake Release Figure Respiration GPP Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

Net Ecosystem Production (g C m -2 yr -1 ) GPP R NEP Gross Primary Production, Ecosystem Respiration (g C m -2 yr -1 ) Figure Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan