Psych – Chapter 1 and 2 Review

Ch. 1, Lesson 1 Physiological processes: normal physical activities Examples: breathing, eating, sleeping Cognitive processes: conscious intellectual activity; ways of processing information Examples: thinking, reasoning, remembering

Ch. 1, Lesson 1 Goals of psychology: DESCRIBE the behavior you are observing (state the facts) EXPLAIN the behavior you observed; give a reason for why it happened PREDICT the behavior of others in a similar situation, based on research INFLUENCE behavior by using psychological principles discovered through basic research

Ch. 1, Lesson 1 Hypothesis = educated guess about how or why something occurs A hypothesis can become a theory when it has been tested over and over, and is supported by the results.

Ch. 1, Lesson 1 Basic science/research: - Discover psychological principles through research - Pursuit of knowledge Applied science/research: - Use psychological principles to solve problems, make recommendations, influence or change behavior

Ch. 1, Lesson 2 Psychoanalysis: unconscious motives and desires drive behavior free association used to reveal these Behaviorism: behavior is learned and is a result of consequences (rewards/punishments)

Ch. 1, Lesson 2 Humanism: humans are good, want to better themselves; behavior is self-directed (it’s a choice) Cognitivism: behavior is influenced by our mental processes, including our perceptions, memories, expectations

Ch. 1, Lesson 2 Psychobiology: the brain, internal systems and chemicals, and our genes influence our behavior Sociocultural: our cultural group, socioeconomic status, gender (the groups with which we identify) influence our behavior

Ch. 1, Lesson 3 Psychologists observe, analyze and evaluate behavior; provide clinical and counseling support; conduct research Psychiatrists are medical doctors who treat people with severe disorders/behavior

Ch. 1, Lesson 3 Clinical psychologists help treat and support people with more severe personal problems Counseling psychologists help people with more everyday problems and challenges There are many subfields of psychology in which people can practice both basic and applied science/research.

Ch. 1, Lesson 3 Check out the list of subfields in Chapter 1 Lesson 3 included in the list of divisions of the APA such as DevelopmentalAbnormalSocialEducationalIndustrial/OrganizationalSportsHealthForensicRehabilitation

Ch. 2, Lesson 1 Naturalistic observation: observing someone in natural setting, without interference Case Study: long-term observations and analysis of one person or a small group Correlational Study: a survey, study, or experiment to determine the relationship between two variables

Ch. 2, Lesson 1 Survey: a questionnaire to gather information about a group of people and their thoughts, behaviors, beliefs, actions Experiment: a controlled situation that allows the testing of a hypothesis

Ch. 2, Lesson 1 Positive correlation: both variables either increase or decrease Negative correlation: one variable increases, the other decreases Zero correlation: you cannot identify a relationship b/w the variables

Ch. 2, Lesson 1 Experiments Population: the group you want to study/all objects of interest Sample: a portion of the population (it’s too hard, too time- consuming and too costly to involve everyone in the population) Independent variable: changed or altered by experimenters (the IF) Dependent variable: affected by (depends on) the independent variable (the THEN)

Ch. 2, Lesson 1 Experimental group: exposed to independent variable or treatment Control group: not exposed to treatment; needed to help determine if and how an independent variable has an effect on behavior

Ch. 2, Lesson 1 APA Code of Ethics Guidelines/Practices: - Informed Consent - Protect participants and their confidentiality - Obey all laws - Rights and responsibilities - Right to leave - Do no lasting harm - Debriefs - Institutional Review Boards, Research Ethics Committee

Ch. 2, Lesson 2 Self-fulfilling prophecy: expectations about behavior that can influence results Single-blind experiment: participant does not know if they received the real treatment Double-blind experiment: neither the participant or researcher know who received the real treatment - helps reduce chance of self- fulfilling prophecy Placebo effect: no real treatment, but real physical change due to perception of treatment

Ch. 2, Lesson 3 Descriptive Statistics: list and summarize data in a practical, efficient way using graphs, charts, measures of central tendency, measures of spread, etc. Inferential Statistics: determine whether data supports the hypothesis or is just due to chance

Ch. 2, Lesson 3 Mode: most frequent data point/observation - Used when you are looking for most common/popular/frequent response or behavior Median: halfway point – 50% of data points fall above, 50% below -- used when there are outliers/data is skewed Mean: average of data points - Used when data is continuous, without outliers

Ch. 2, Lesson 3 Standard deviation is a measure of spread. The more spread out the data is, the higher the standard deviation. The red curve has a smaller standard deviation compared to the blue curve.