WPA MR Studies: Brain Abnormalities Decreased temporal lobe sizeDecreased temporal lobe size Decreased frontal lobe sizeDecreased frontal lobe size Decreased hippocampal sizeDecreased hippocampal size Decreased thalamic sizeDecreased thalamic size Gyral decreases (superior temporal gyrus, ventral frontal gyri)Gyral decreases (superior temporal gyrus, ventral frontal gyri) General and regional decreases in gray matter volumeGeneral and regional decreases in gray matter volume

WPA A Neurodevelopmental Brain Disease Most brain abnormalities are present at onset: e.g., decrease in total brain tissueMost brain abnormalities are present at onset: e.g., decrease in total brain tissue Occasional evidence of defects in neuronal migration: gray matter heterotopiasOccasional evidence of defects in neuronal migration: gray matter heterotopias Midline abnormalities: cavum septi pellucidi, dysgenesis of the corpus callosum, ventricular enlargementMidline abnormalities: cavum septi pellucidi, dysgenesis of the corpus callosum, ventricular enlargement

WPA

WPA Callosal Dysgenesis

WPA

WPA Imaging Studies of Twins Initiated by the Maudsley group using CTInitiated by the Maudsley group using CT In discordant MZ pairs, the twin with schizophrenia had significantly larger ventriclesIn discordant MZ pairs, the twin with schizophrenia had significantly larger ventricles Similar results noted by the NIMH group using MRSimilar results noted by the NIMH group using MR

WPA

WPA Increased Basal Ganglia Size Jernigan et al, 1991Jernigan et al, 1991 Swayze et al, 1992Swayze et al, 1992 Breier et al, 1992Breier et al, 1992 Nasrallah et al, 1993Nasrallah et al, 1993 Elkashef et al, 1994Elkashef et al, 1994 Chakos et al, 1994Chakos et al, 1994 Keshavan et al, 1994Keshavan et al, 1994 Doriswaymy et al, 1995 Doriswaymy et al, 1995 Rodriguez et al, 1997Rodriguez et al, 1997

WPA Increased Blood Flow in Striatum due to Chronic Dopamine Blockade by Haloperidol

WPA Functional Imaging Tools Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT)Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) Positron Emission Tomography (PET)Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Functional Magnetic Resonance (fMR)Functional Magnetic Resonance (fMR)

WPA Visualizing the Working Mind with Functional Imaging Shows areas in which blood flow is increased during a mental taskShows areas in which blood flow is increased during a mental task Lets us see which parts of our brains are used for different kinds of thinking and feelingLets us see which parts of our brains are used for different kinds of thinking and feeling