INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL ANATOMY MEANINS HISTORY SUBDIVISIONS Dr. Mah Jabeen Muneera Assistant Professor Department of Anatomy KEMU

BACKGROUND Study of structure or form of biological organisms Oldest basic medical science Derived from Greek word Ana-----upTome----cutting Dissecare, Latin word with similar meaning similar meaning

Pre Scientific Era Scientific Era EgyptGreeceRoman Middle ages Contribution of Islam Renaissance Pre modern Modern

Pre Scientific

10,000BC Purposeful boring& trephination of Human skull

Egypt 3,000BC Egyptian papyruses Mummification & embalming Human viscera stored Heart left as such (seat of soul)

Greece Anatomy 1 st found acceptance as science Alcmaeon Studied by dissecting animals Studied by dissecting animals Discovered Optic Nerve Discovered Optic Nerve Pharyngotympanic tube Pharyngotympanic tube Brain –intelligence Brain –intelligence Concept about SLEEP Concept about SLEEP

Hippocrates BC Father of western medicine Anatomy as foundation of medicine Studied wounds, bones skull

Aristotle BC BC world’s greatest “NATURAL SCIENTIST” world’s greatest “NATURAL SCIENTIST” First used term “ANATOME” First used term “ANATOME” Studies based upon animal dissection mainly Studies based upon animal dissection mainly Foundation of “Comparative Anatomy” Foundation of “Comparative Anatomy” Established EMBRYOLOGY on Established EMBRYOLOGY on scientific course scientific course

Alexandrian Era Herophilus & Erasistratus Dissected human body purposefully in a med school in Alexandria Dissected human body purposefully in a med school in Alexandria Cadavers, criminals dissected even vivisection Cadavers, criminals dissected even vivisection

Decline & Roman invasion Egypt became part of Rome Culturally Roman environment HUMAN DISSECTION WAS FORBIDDEN

Contribution of Islam Greek knowledge lost to west Europe Retained by Islamic world Translated Greek text to Arabic Hussain Ibn_e_Ishaq (Baghdad) Abd_ul_Latif Baghdadi Ibn_e_Nafees Improvement in description of bones

Claudius Galen Knowledge was mainly based upon treating wounds & animal study Later turned out to be incorrect Precisely described Results of damage of spinal cord at different levels

Leonardo de Vinci

Vesalius Student of Anatomy Found discrepancies Himself performed Dissection DissectionWrote 1 st modern book 1 st modern book

“Vesalius’s De Human Corpora Fabrica”

17 th century Willium Hunter Knowledge of Anatomy is the only SOLID FOUNDATION of medicine & general Surgery Knowledge of Anatomy is the only SOLID FOUNDATION of medicine & general SurgeryHarvey Presented theories about blood circulation Presented theories about blood circulation Entirely new concepts Entirely new concepts

Morcello Malpighi(1661) Used MICROSCOPE Saw blood circulating in capillaries through flesh

Anton Van(18 th cent) Continued microscopic work Felin dujordin(19 th cent) protoplasm Robert Hook

18 th, 19 th Centuries Anatomists published many Atlases, that introduced new standards of depicting human body Shortage of cadavers, led to illegal means of obtaining human bodies In Britain Anatomy Act was passed in 1832 It made legal provision of unclaimed & donated bodies, to medical schools Similar legislations in other countries later

20 th cent Discovery of DNA

21 st cent Human genome decoding project All recent advances

Subdivisions Gross Anatomy TopographicalSurfaceSystemic

Microscopic Anatomy HistologyEmbryology Developmental Anatomy

Comparative Anatomy Clinical Anatomy

Techniques to represent Anatomical knowledge Cave pictures, models,papyruses

Wood cut (14 th Century) Copper Plate Engraving Engraving (16 th century) (16 th century)

Hand colouring Lithography (18 th cent)

Photography (19 th century) X-ray Imaging

Digital imaging (recent advances) (recent advances)

ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE Before 1895, almost 30,000 anatomical terms were in use In 1895, The German Anatomical Society held a meeting at Basle and prepared an approved list of 5,000 Anatomical terms, published a book for guidance, Basle Nomina Anatomica Regular meetings are held to revise At present 5 th edition is available

LIFE SPAN OF MAN PRE NATAL: CONCEPTUS (fertilization-1 st week) CONCEPTUS (fertilization-1 st week) EMBRYO (2 nd -8 th week) EMBRYO (2 nd -8 th week) FETUS (3 rd -birth) FETUS (3 rd -birth) POST NATAL: Neonate (28 days) Neonate (28 days) Infancy (1 st year) Infancy (1 st year)Childhood Early(2 nd -6 th year) Early(2 nd -6 th year) Middle(7 th -9 th /10 th years) Middle(7 th -9 th /10 th years) Late (pre pubertal) Late (pre pubertal) Adolescence: 6 yrs following puberty Adult Prime & transition (20-60yrs) Prime & transition (20-60yrs) Old age & Senescence (60-death) Old age & Senescence (60-death)

ASSIGNMENT ORIGIN OF LIFE ORIGIN OF LIFE