HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 1 Chapter 3 Good Morning!

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 2 Chapter 3 BIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR Section 1: The Nervous System Section 2: The Brain: Our Control Center

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 3 Chapter 3 Chapter 3:Section 1 The Nervous System

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 4 Chapter 3 Main Objective: Explain how messages are transmitted by neurons and describe the functions of the peripheral nervous system.

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 5 Chapter 3 What does the Nervous System do??? Thinking Feeling Moving Dreaming Regulates internal functions Learning/memory Etc….

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 6 Chapter 3 Consists of 2 main parts : 1. Central Nervous System: Brain and spinal cord 2. Peripheral Nervous System: * made up of nerve cells that send messages between the central nervous system and all the parts of the body.

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 7 Chapter 3 Neurons : A nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system. Each of us has more than 100 billion neurons!!!

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 8 Chapter 3 Components of a Neuron : Cell Body: Produces energy that fuels the activity of the cell. Dendrites: Receive information from other neurons and pass the message through the cell body Axon: Carries messages away.

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 9 Chapter 3 Components of Neuron (cont’d) Myelin sheath: A white, fatty substance that insulates axons and enables rapid transmission of neural impulses. Axon terminals: Small fibers branching out from an axon.

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 10 Chapter 3 The Communication Process : Messages are sent from the axon terminals of one neuron to the dendrites of other neurons. synapse In order for a message to be sent from one neuron to another neuron, it must cross the synapse A junction between the axon terminals of one neuron and the dendrites of another neuron. Less than a millionth of an inch wide!

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 11 Chapter 3 Anatomy of 2 Neurons:

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 12 Chapter 3 Communication (cont’d) Messages are received by the dendrites and travel through the cell body and the axon to the axon terminals. They cross synapses to the dendrites of other neurons New synapses can develop between neurons that were not previously connected, as when we learn something new!!

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 13 Chapter 3 Neurotransmitters: Chemical Messengers Neurons send messages across synapses through the release of neurotransmitters. Chemicals that are stored in sacs in the axon terminals. 100’s can be fired every second!!

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 14 Chapter 3 Neurotransmitters (cont’d) The message is converted into an electrical impulse that travels the length of the neuron. The message is then transmitted to the next neuron by neurotransmitters This whole process takes only a fraction of a second!!!

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 15 Chapter 3 lOs lOs

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 16 Chapter 3 The Central Nervous System : Consists of brain and spinal cord

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 17 Chapter 3 Central Nervous System (cont’d) Spinal cord: A column of nerves within the spine that transmit messages to and from the brain. Protected by the spine. Spinal reflex: simple, automatic response to something. EX: Remove hand for hot stove!

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 18 Chapter 3 Other simple Reflexes: Blink when dust in your eye Sneeze with pepper Tapping on knee to see if kick Knee-jerk reflex Want to try?…sit on desk with legs crossed. The “doctor” needs to gently strike the knee with a “karate chop”. Does the knee jerk?

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 19 Chapter 3 THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Responsible for transmitting messages between the central nervous system and all part of the body and is made up of the somatic and autonomic nervous system Section 1: The Nervous System

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 20 Chapter 3 Chapter 3: Section 2 The Brain: Our Control Center

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 21 Chapter 3 Main Objective: Identify the major structures of the brain, and explain the functions of each structure.

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 22 Chapter 3 Brain Divided into 3 Sections: 1. Hindbrain 2. Midbrain 3. Forebrain

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 23 Chapter 3 Hindbrain : Medulla: Vital functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing. Pons: Located in front of medulla and is involved in regulating body movement, attention, sleep, and alertness. Cerebellum: Balance and coordination.

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 24 Chapter 3 The Midbrain: Located between hindbrain and forebrain. Vision and hearing Contains part of reticular activating system: Part of brain that is involved in attention, sleep, and arousal. EX EX: Drugs/alcohol can affect this alertness.

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 25 Chapter 3 The Forebrain: Involved in complex thinking processes!! 4 key areas: 1. Thalamus 2. Hypothalamus 3. Limbic System 4. Cerebrum

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 26 Chapter 3 Thalamus : The structure of the brain that relays messages from the sense organs to the cerebral cortex. EX: Relays message to brain, such as pain, in order for brain to respond.

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 27 Chapter 3 Hypothalamus : The neural structure located below the thalamus that controls temperature, hunger, thirst, and various aspects of emotion: Sexual behavior; caring for offspring, aggression; etc….

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 28 Chapter 3 Limbic System: A group of neural structures at the base of the cerebral hemispheres that is associated with emotion, motivation, hunger, sex, and aggression.

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 29 Chapter 3 Cerebrum : The large mass of the forebrain, consisting of two hemispheres. Cerebral Cortex: The bumpy, convoluted surface of the brain; the body’s control and information-processing center.

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 30 Chapter 3 The Cerebral Cortex: What Makes Us Unique Made up of right and left hemispheres. Corpus callosum: The nerve fibers that connect the left and right hemispheres of the cerebral cortex.

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 31 Chapter 3 Information received by one side of the body is transmitted to the OPPOSITE hemisphere of the brain. Each hemisphere of the brain is divided into four parts/lobes.

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 32 Chapter 3 Occipital Lobe Parietal Lobe Temporal Lobe Frontal Lobe

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 33 Chapter 3 Complete the following on the SAME handout! Occipital Lobe: Vision

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 34 Chapter 3 Temporal Lobe: Hearing/Auditory

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 35 Chapter 3 Parietal Lobe: Sensory Cortex: Warmth, cold,touch,and pain

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 36 Chapter 3 Frontal Lobe: Motor cortex Neurons in the motor cortex fire when we move certain parts of our body.

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 37 Chapter 3 Association Areas: Association areas: Areas of the cerebral cortex that are involved in such mental operations as thinking, memory, learning, and problem solving. Shape information into something meaningful. EX: Puzzle

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 38 Chapter 3 Language Abilities: Right-handed people: Language functions based in left hemisphere About 2 out of 3 left-handed people: Language in left hemisphere

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 39 Chapter 3 Left vs. Right Hemispheres: Left Hemisphere: Language, logic, problem solving, mathematical computation. Right Hemisphere: Imagination, art, feelings, and spatial relations. Even though have heard “right brained” and “left brained” the hemispheres DO NOT act independently of each other!!

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 40 Chapter 3 Methods of Studying the Brain : 1. Accidents: Accidents and brain damage 2. Electrical Stimulation of the Brain: Stimulate parts of brain to change behavioral patterns.

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 41 Chapter 3 3. The Electroencephalogram (EEG): Electrodes record electrical activity of brain. Used to diagnose some psychological disorders and locate tumors.

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 42 Chapter 3 4. Scans: CAT scan : Computerized axial tomography 3-dimensionanl view of brain. MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging More powerful; shows details more clearly PET scan: Positron emission tomography Show activity of brain at given time