What are living creatures made of? The Chemistry of Life What are living creatures made of? Why do we have to eat?

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Organic Chemistry Definition… The branch of chemistry that studies carbon and its compounds

Elements of Life 96% of living organisms is made of: carbon (C) oxygen (O) hydrogen (H) nitrogen (N)

Organic compound A compound that contains carbon and hydrogen bonded together. Example: glucose—C6H12O6

Inorganic compound A compound that does not contain carbon Example: H2O NaCl

All organisms are organic All organisms are organic. In other words, all organisms are carbon based.

Molecules of Life Put C, H, O, N together in different ways to build living organisms What are bodies made of? carbohydrates sugars & starches proteins fats (lipids) nucleic acids DNA, RNA

The Major Organic Compounds Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids large Macromolecules— very large molecules

Don’t forget water Water Rest of you is made of carbon molecules 65% of your body is H2O water is inorganic doesn’t contain carbon Rest of you is made of carbon molecules organic molecules carbohydrates proteins fats nucleic acids

ATP Why do we eat? We eat to take in more of these chemicals Food for building materials to make more of us (cells) for growth for repair Food to make energy calories to make ATP ATP

Vocabulary woohoo! polymer— a molecule made of many repeating smaller molecules monomer— each one of the repeating smaller molecules Examples: starch = polymer glucose = monomer

Building large organic molecules Small molecules = monomers (building block) Bond them together = polymers

Macromolecules and basic units Carbohydrate Monosaccaride Protein Amino acid Lipid Fatty acid Nucleic acid Nucleotide

Building important polymers Carbohydrates = built from sugars sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar Proteins = built from amino acids amino acid – Nucleic acids (DNA) = built from nucleotides nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide

THE CARBOHYDRATES

ELEMENTS FOUND IN CARBOHYDRATES CARBON (C) HYDROGEN (H) OXYGEN (O)

The carbohydrates include… 1 Monosaccharides one sugar molecule 2 Disaccharides two sugar molecule many Polysaccharides many sugar molecule Saccharide means “sugar”

The Monosaccharides One sugar molecules Recognized by their carbon ring

These are monosaccharides Check out their carbon rings Glucose Galactose Fructose C6H12O6 C6H12O6 C6H12O6 What makes these three molecules different from each other? The arrangement of their atoms

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures are called ISOMERS

Two monosaccharides bonded together The Disaccharides Two sugar molecule Two monosaccharides bonded together covalent bond holding them together monosac monosac

Example of a Disaccharide Two monosaccharides bonded together Lactose—

These are disaccharides Maltose (glucose + glucose) Sucrose (glucose + fructose) Lactose (glucose + galactose) Maltose not in most foods we eat. Least common of the three. Found in barley…used in brewing industry.

Monosaccharides and disaccharides are called simple sugars What do you notice about the names of all the simple sugars? ─OSE = SUGAR

The Polysaccharides Many sugar molecules bonded together by covalent bonds … etc.

These are polysaccharides Starch Glycogen Cellulose Chitin All made of repeating glucose molecules

Starch is a polysaccharide Chain of glucose molecules The form in which plants store food So … starch is found only in plant products Potatoes Rice Bread Corn Pasta etc.

Glycogen is a polysaccharide Chain of glucose molecules The form in which many animals, including humans, store food In what organ do humans store glycogen? THE LIVER!

Cellulose is a polysaccharide Chain of glucose molecules Found in cell walls What kind of cells have a cell wall made of cellulose? Plant Cellulose is what we commonly call dietary fiber or roughage

Chitin is a polysaccharide outside Found in exoskeletons The Theridion grallator, also known as the "happy face spider," has what looks like a smile or grinning clown face on its body. These spiders live in Hawaii.

Why do organisms need carbohydrates? simple sugars Immediate energy— Are broken down during cellular respiration STARCH AND GLYCOGEN Stored energy— Can be converted back into glucose when needed CELLULOSE AND CHITIN Structure and Support— Gives shape and protection to plant cells Protects soft tissues of some animals

Carbohydrates: Food Sources Simple carbs (simple sugars) are found in most candy and sweet drinks, fruit, vegetables, and milk. They are quickly digested and give a short burst of energy. Complex carbs (like starches) are found in pasta, bread, potatoes, legumes & corn. They take longer to digest, and provide energy longer.

Carbohydrates: Function Provide body with energy! What should you eat before playing the big game? Candy bar or pasta? Candy bar: contains simple sugars, provides a short burst of energy Pasta: contains starch which takes longer to break down, provides longer-lasting energy *We can’t digest cellulose- it is used as fiber, or roughage instead. Ex. : corn Complex carb (ex. Starch) Broken down to disaccharides Broken down further Simple sugars (ex. Glucose)

Carbohydrates: Indicator Tests Simple Sugars: Benedict’s solution Blue solution turns orange/green/brown Complex Carbs: Lugol’s solution/Iodine Turns from orange-red-brown to black-purple

Let’s Summarize Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides Glucose, galactose, fructose Disaccharides Maltose Sucrose Lactose Polysaccharides Starch Glycogen Cellulose Chitin