PowerPoint Lecture Outlines to accompany Hole ’ s Human Anatomy and Physiology Tenth Edition Shier  Butler  Lewis Chapter 14 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 14-1

Chapter 14 Blood Functions transports vital substances maintains stability of interstitial fluid distributes heat Blood Cells form mostly in red bone marrow red blood cells white blood cells platelets (cell fragments) 14-2

Blood Volume about 8% of body weight about 5 liters varies with body size changes in fluid concentration changes in electrolyte concentration amount of adipose tissue 14-3

Blood Composition 14-4

Origin of Blood Cells 14-5

Red Blood Cells erythrocytes biconcave one-third hemoglobin oxyhemoglobin deoxyhemoglobin can readily squeeze through capillaries lack nuclei and mitochondria 14-6

Red Blood Cell Count number of RBCs in a cubic millimeter of blood 4,600,000 – 6,200,000 in males 4,200,000 – 5,400,000 in adult females 4,500,000 – 5,100,000 in children reflects blood ’ s oxygen carrying capacity 14-7

Red Blood Cell Production low blood oxygen causes kidneys and liver to release erythropoietin which stimulates RBC production vitamin B 12, folic acid and iron necessary 14-8

Life Cycle of Red Blood Cell circulate for about 120 days macrophages in spleen and liver destroy worn out RBCs hemoglobin is broken down into heme and globin iron return to red bone marrow bilirubin and biliverdin excreted in bile 14-9

Types of Anemia aplastic anemia bone marrow damaged toxic chemicals radiation hemolytic anemia RBCs destroyed toxic chemicals iron deficiency anemia hemoglobin deficient lack of iron pernicious anemia excess of immature RBCs inability to absorb B 12 sickle cell anemia abnormal shape of RBCs defective gene thalassemia hemoglobin deficient RBCs short-lived defective gene 14-10

Hemolytic Anemia Normal RBCs RBCs of person with hemolytic anemia 14-11

White Blood Cells leukocytes protect against disease interleukins and colony-stimulating factors stimulate development granulocytes neutrophils eosinophils basophils agranulocytes lymphocytes monocytes 14-12

Neutrophils light blue granules in acid-base stain lobed nucleus other names segs polymorphonuclear leukocyte bands (young neutrophils) first to arrive at infections phagocytic 54% - 62% of leukocyte elevated in bacterial infections 14-13

Basophils deep blue granules is basic stain release histamine release heparin less than 1% of leukocytes 14-14

Eosinophils deep red granules in acid stain bilobed nucleus moderate allergic reactions defend against parasitic worm infestations 1% - 3% of leukocytes elevated in worm infestations and allergic reactions 14-15

Monocytes largest blood cell kidney-shaped or oval nuclei leave bloodstream to become macrophages 3% - 9% of leukocytes elevated in typhoid fever, malaria, tuberculosis 14-16

Lymphocytes about the size of RBC large spherical nuclei thin rims of cytoplasm T cells B cells important in immunity produce antibodies 25% - 33% of leukocytes decreased T Cells in AIDS 14-17

Diapadesis leukocytes squeeze through capillary walls to enter tissue space outside the blood vessel 14-18

White Blood Cell Counts number of WBCs per cubic millimeter of blood 5,000 – 10,000 per cubic millimeter of blood leukopenia low WBC count typhoid fever, flu, measles, mumps, chicken pox, AIDS leukocytosis high WBC count acute infections, vigorous exercise, great loss of body fluids differential WBC count lists percentages of types of leukocytes may change in particular diseases 14-19

Blood Platelets thrombocytes cell fragments of megakaryocytes 130,000 – 360,000 per cubic millimeter of blood helps control blood loss from broken vessels 14-20

Blood Plasma straw colored liquid portion of blood 55% of blood 14-21

Plasma Proteins Albumins most numerous plasma proteins originate in liver help maintain osmotic pressure of blood Fibrinogen originate in liver plays key role in blood coagulation Alpha and Beta Globulins originate in liver transport lipids and fat- soluble vitamins Gamma Globulins originate in lymphatic tissues constitute the antibodies of immunity 14-22

Gases and Nutrients Gases oxygen carbon dioxide nitrogen Nutrients amino acids simple sugars nucleotides lipids lipoproteins 14-23

Plasma Lipoproteins Chylomicrons high concentration of triglycerides transport dietary fats to muscles and adipose cells HDLs relatively high concentration of proteins relatively low concentration of lipids transport remnants of chylomicrons to liver LDLs relatively high concentration of cholesterol formed from VLDLs deliver cholesterol to various cells VLDLs relatively high concentration of triglycerides produced in the liver transport triglycerides from liver to adipose cells 14-24

Nonprotein Nitrogenous Substances molecules containing nitrogen but are not proteins urea – product of protein catabolism; about 50% of NPN substances uric acid – product of nucleic acid catabolism amino acids – product of protein catabolism creatine – stores phosphates creatinine – product of creatine metabolism BUN – blood urea nitrogen; indicate health of kidney 14-25

Plasma Electrolytes sodium potassium calcium magnesium chloride bicarbonate phosphate sulfate sodium and potassium most abundant 14-26

Hemostasis stoppage of bleeding Blood Vessel Spasm triggered by pain receptors, platelet release, or serotonin smooth muscle in vessel contracts Platelet Plug Formation triggered by exposure of platelets to collagen platelets adhere to rough surface to form a plug Blood Coagulation triggered by cellular damage and blood contact with foreign surfaces blood clot forms 14-27

Platelet Plug Formation 14-28

Blood Coagulation 14-29

Blood Coagulation Extrinsic Clotting Mechanism chemical outside of blood triggers blood coagulation triggered by thromboplastin (not found in blood) triggered when blood contacts damaged tissue Intrinsic Clotting Mechanism chemical inside blood triggers blood coagulation triggered by Hageman factor (found inside blood) triggered when blood contacts a foreign surface 14-30

Blood Clots After forming, blood clot retracts and pulls the edges of a broken vessel together Platelet-derived growth factor stimulates smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts to repair damaged blood vessels Plasmin digests blood clots thrombus – abnormal blood clot embolus – blood clot moving through blood 14-31

Prevention of Coagulation The smooth lining of blood vessels discourages the accumulation of platelets As a clot forms, fibrin absorbs thrombin and prevents the reaction from spreading Antithrombin interferes with the action of excess thrombin Some cells secrete heparin 14-32

ABO Blood Group 14-33

Agglutination 14-34

Preferred and Permissible Blood Types for Transfusion 14-35

Clinical Application Leukemia Myeloid Leukemia bone marrow produces too many immature granulocytes leukemic cells crowd out other blood cells anemia bleeding susceptible to infections Lymphoid Leukemia lymphocytes are cancerous symptoms similar to myeloid leukemia Treatments blood transfusions marrow transplants anti-cancer drugs stem cell transplants 14-36