El Nino Southern Oscillation

Oceanic Temperatures as a Function of ENSO (Figure obtained from Ch. 4 of An Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2 nd Edition. © 2011, COMET.) Warm west, cold east Warm everywhere, but particularly in the central Pacific Warming erodes everywhere in response to upwelling

Oceanic Temperatures as a Function of ENSO (Figure obtained from Ch. 4 of An Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2 nd Edition. © 2011, COMET.)

Oceanic Temperatures as a Function of ENSO (Figure obtained from Ch. 4 of An Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2 nd Edition. © 2011, COMET.)

Oceanic Temperatures as a Function of ENSO (Figure obtained from Ch. 4 of An Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2 nd Edition. © 2011, COMET.)

Southern Oscillation Index (Figure obtained from Ch. 4 of An Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2 nd Edition. © 2011, COMET.) p diff = p(Tahiti) – p(Darwin)

Southern Oscillation Index (Figure obtained from Ch. 4 of An Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2 nd Edition. © 2011, COMET.) El Nino: Warmer at Tahiti -> Lower SLP -> Negative SOI La Nina: Cooler at Tahiti -> Higher SLP -> Positive SOI

ENSO Monitoring Regions (Figure obtained from Ch. 4 of An Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2 nd Edition. © 2011, COMET.)

Walker Circulation During La Nina Events (Figure obtained from Ch. 4 of An Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2 nd Edition. © 2011, COMET.) Enhanced heating drives enhanced ascent Enhanced cooling drives enhanced descent

Walker Circulation During El Nino Events (Figure obtained from Ch. 4 of An Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2 nd Edition. © 2011, COMET.) Enhanced heating drives enhanced ascent Weakened cooling drives substantially weakened descent

El Nino and the Australian Monsoon (Figure obtained from Ch. 3 of An Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2 nd Edition. © 2011, COMET.)

El Niño and W. Hemisphere Hurricanes (Figure obtained from Ch. 4 of An Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2 nd Edition. © 2011, COMET.)

NH Winter Impacts of El Niño (Figure obtained from Ch. 4 of An Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2 nd Edition. © 2011, COMET.)

NH Summer Impacts of El Niño (Figure obtained from Ch. 4 of An Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2 nd Edition. © 2011, COMET.)

NH Winter Impacts of La Niña (Figure obtained from Ch. 4 of An Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2 nd Edition. © 2011, COMET.)

NH Summer Impacts of La Niña (Figure obtained from Ch. 4 of An Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2 nd Edition. © 2011, COMET.)

Northern Hemispheric Pattern Modulation by ENSO (Figure obtained from Ch. 4 of An Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2 nd Edition. © 2011, COMET.)

Delayed Oscillator Theory (Figure obtained from Ch. 4 of An Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2 nd Edition. © 2011, COMET.)

Delayed Oscillator Theory (Figure obtained from Ch. 4 of An Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2 nd Edition. © 2011, COMET.)

Western Pacific Oscillator Theory (Figure obtained from Ch. 4 of An Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2 nd Edition. © 2011, COMET.)

Dynamical Model Forecasts of ENSO (Figure obtained from Ch. 4 of An Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2 nd Edition. © 2011, COMET.)

Statistical Model Forecasts of ENSO (Figure obtained from Ch. 4 of An Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2 nd Edition. © 2011, COMET.)