 11-19Stand alone  9-16Walk without support  9-17Stand on 1 leg  11-21Climbs (chairs, etc.)  13-17Walk backward  14-22Run  16-30Walk on tiptoes  17-30Jump in place  22-36Walk up & down stairs

 7-15  8-16         29-37

 Autonomy- a sense of self governing or personal control over their immediate environment;  Defiance & negative responses from the toddler are typical (resisting parental boundaries or “control”)

 Tertiary Circular Reactions (12-18 mos)  The child intentionally tries an action out, to see what the effects will be (performed repeatedly)  Examples?  Text: Little Scientists (i.e. – Twins & flushing toilet)

 Mental Representations (18-24 mos.)  Child first thinks about the possibilities & selects the action which most likely to achieve the desired outcome

Language: are mental representations we have of objects, people, actions, & ideas Text: Lucienne & matchbox w/ chain in it Piano Pavo real Paddle board Lacrosse

Learning Theory: B.F. Skinner Behavior Ecology Theory: Noam Chomsky  Praise/reward influences the development of language.  Training by parents is necessary for language acquisition.  Utterances are learned through imitation…  Children are active learners of language.  Parents do not have to train their child to learn language  Rules of sentence structure cannot be taught to children in order to acquire language…

 Cooing- birth – 2-6 mos.; 1 vowel sound; “oooo”  Babbling- emerges at 6 mos; string 2 + sounds; “papapa” 2 min 9 sec

Holophrastic Speech: 12 mos. & beyond; uses a single word to convey an entire thought…  Telegraphic Speech: 18 mos. & beyond; uses 2 words to convey an entire thought…

Holophrastic SpeechTelegraphic Speech  “Cup”  “Bye”  “Gone”  “Toy” Ex- Fill my cup, I’m done with my cup, where is my cup? Etc.  “See doggie”  “Big car”  “My ball”  My cookie”  Mommy gone”

1) Overextension- one word represents a variety of related objects Text: “Nunu” the family furry dog; all dogs & furry objects, slippers, etc. 2) Underextension- using a general word for a specific object Text: “the kitty”; not realizing that kitty is slang for the category of cats

 Private speech - children talk to themselves in a self-guiding & self-directing way a) First aloud b) Then internally  Used to work through new concepts & experiences a) (i.e.) – how a toy works: “this goes there”, or b) (i.e. ) - social experiences: “I share”