“A Historical Look at Educational/Instructional Technology” EDTC 6320 Elvia Villafranca

Educational Technology Introduction Definitions Educational Technology Instructional Technology History of Educational Technology Educational Technology Today Future of Educational Technology Conclusion

Intro and Definitions of Educational/Instructional Technology

Introduction According to Roblyer in his book “Integrating Educational Technology into Teaching”, educational technology is not something new at all. However, for many educators the mention of technology seems to bring to mind the use of some gadget or some electronic device and so essentially the mindset of educational technology is as if it were something fairly new. (Roblyer, 2003) Certainly educational technology is a much more of an integrated process but undoubtedly, as Anglin stated, “educational technology continues to be perceived as a field concerned more with hardware and software than with its applications for teaching and learning.”

What is Educational Technology? National Academy of Engineering’s Instructional Technology Committee Body of knowledge From Application Science of Teaching and Learning Real world of the classroom Tools and methodologies developed to assist 1997 the AECT (Association of Educational Communications and Technology) Task Force Defined Educational Technology Complex integrated process Involving people, procedures, ideas, devices and organization Analyzing problems, devising, implementing, evaluating, managing solutions Involved in all aspects of human learning

What is Instructional Technology? Interchangeably Used with Educational Technology Commission on Instructional Technology Defines IT as: Media Born of Communications Revolution Used for Instructional Purposes Along Side Teacher, Textbook, Blackboard Systematic Way of Designing, Carrying Out and Evaluating Process of Learning and Teaching In Terms of Specific Objectives... Gary J. Anglin in his book “Instructional Technology IT Made Up of Things of Learning Devices and Materials Used in the Processes of Learning and Teaching

Educational Technology Historically

Historically Paul Saettler “The Evolution of American Educational Technology” Traced to Tribal Priests Systematized Bodies of Knowledge Cultures Invented Pictographs Sign Writing to Record and Transmit Information (Roblyer, 2003)

1940s, 1950s, and 1960s Department of Audio-Visual Instruction – 1947 National Defense Education Act – 1958 Late 1960s Teacher Utilization Audio Visual Media 1980s & 1990s Increase Digital Technology Innovations Over 1 Million Microcomputers Elementary Schools Secondary Schools (Betrus, 2002)

Four Historical Perspectives Shaped Educational Technology Media and AV Communications Origins Higher Education Instructors, 1930’s Current Organization AECT (Association for Educational Communications and Technology) Vocational Training Industry Trainers, Vocational Educators ITEA (International Technology Education Association) Computer Systems Programmers, Systems Analysts, University R & D, 1960s ISTE (International Society for Technology in Education) Instructional Systems Military/industrial Trainers, University R& D, 1960s-1970s ISPI (International Society for Performance Improvement) (Roblyer, 2003)

Computer Technology Shapes History of Educational Technology Pre-Microcomputer Era 1950 – 1st Instructional Use of Computer 1960-1970 – Universities Use Mainframe Systems Late 1970s – Administrative Computing Systems Microcomputer Era 1st Microcomputers Enter Schools 1980s – 1990s Integrated Learning Systems Internet Era 1994 - Birth of World Wide Web 1998 – ISTE Creates Computer Standards 2000 – Beyond – Multimedia Uses of Web Emerge (Roblyer, 2003)

Educational Technology Today

National Educational Technology Standards (NET) National Council for the Accreditation of Teacher Education (NCATE) Develops NET Educational Technology Standards for K-12 Students Basic operations and concepts Social, ethical, and human issues Technology productivity tools Technology communication tools Technology research tools Technology problem-solving and decision-making tools (Roblyer, 2003)

National Educational Technology Standards (NET) Educational Technology Standards for Teachers Technology Operations and Concepts Planning and Designing Learning Environments and Experiences Teaching, Learning, and The Curriculum Assessment and Evaluation Productivity and Professional Practice Social, Ethical, Legal, and Human Issues (Roblyer, 2003)

Educational Technology & Self-contained Classroom Proper use of Educational technology helps engage students. Anglin, 1995

Distant Learning Past Rationales Printed Materials Supplemented Videotapes Instructional Television Current Rationales Correspondence Courses Replaced Online Courses Online Degrees Future Rationales Distance Learning Interactive Video-and-audio Virtual Reality

Distant Education “Distance education encompasses many aspects of educational technology.” “Distance education has become an operation analog of educational technology.” Anglin, 1995

Digital Native/Immigrant Digital Natives Today's students K – college who are the “native speakers” of digital devices such as computers, video games, Internet. Digital Immigrants Those of us not born into the digital world but have adopted to learn the new technology. (Prensky, 2001)

Digital Divide 1978 - Andrew Molnar “The Next Great Crisis in American Education: Computer Literacy” “Unequal access by students to the benefits of computer skills could further divide rich and poor.” Lead to Term “Digital Divide” Coined by Lloyd Morrisett (Roblyer, 2003)

Future of Educational Technology

21st Skills Students Student Outcomes Life and Career Skills Learning and Innovation Skills Information, Media, and Technology Skills

21st Century Support Support Systems Standards and Assessments Curriculum and Instruction Professional Development Learning Environments

Web 2.0 Global Community of Learners Coined in 2004 Dale Dougherty, a vice-president of O’Reilly Media Inc. “a read-only medium to one where anyone can publish and share content and easily collaborate with others” Blogs Wikis Video Photo sharing Podcasts Social bookmarking

Technology Extended Second Life Cloud Computing Virtual Worlds Holograms Cloud Computing Central Shared Access Resources Data

Conclusion Undoubtedly, both educational and instructional technology have certainly come a long way and will continue to grow in popularity as our technology continues to penetrate into almost every aspect of our daily lives. Still, the significance of educational and instructional technology will undoubtedly become more evident as we strive towards 21st century teaching to prepare students to become ready for the challenges required of them in the 21st century.

Works Cited 21st Century Skills Anglin, G. J. (1995). Instructional Technology: Past, present, and future (2nd Edition ed.). (S. Haenel, Ed.) Englewood, Colorado, United States: Libraries Unlimited, Inc. Betrus, A. K., & Molenda, M. (2002). Historical evolution of instructional technology in teacher education programs. TechTrends , 46 (5), 18-21. Eckstein, M. (2009). Enrichment 2.0 Gifted and talented education for the 21st century. Gifted Child Today , 32 (1), 59-63. Prensky, M. (2001). Digital Natives, Digital Immigrants. On the Horizon , 9 (5), 1-6. Roblyer, M. D. (2003). Integrating educational technology into teaching (3rd Edition ed.). (D. A. Stollenwerk, Ed.) Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, United States: Pearson Education, Inc. 21st Century Skills http://www.21stcenturyskills.org/documents/framework_flyer_updated_april_2009.pdf  

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