Hakimi bin Halim

 The camera is a box that controls the amount of light that reaches a piece of light sensitive film or other surface inside. The original cameras did not even have a glass lens.

 The first cameras used a tiny hole in the front of the box to allow in light and to focus the image onto the viewing surface. This is the same principle as when children punch a pinhole into a piece of paper in order to watch a solar eclipse projected through the pinhole and onto the ground.

 Today's cameras use glass lenses to focus and capture light much more quickly and to allow us to magnify images. Film is much more sensitive and finely detailed than the first film surfaces and now we also have digital sensors that sometimes take the place of film.

 Today's cameras also have shutters that control the light from reaching the film or sensor with the touch of a button and have powerful flashes to help illuminate scenes. The camera has come a long way from its humble beginnings, but it is still just a box that controls the amount of light that reaches a piece of film.

 The important parts that included in today’s camera are :  Lenses (Variable Sizes/ Abilities)  Film/ Sensor (Various Sizes)  Aperture (Changeable diaphragm)  Shutter Speed Dial (Variety of Speed)  Film Plane

 The growth of modern photography contributes to such a huge numbers of research and development that produce various types of camera such as:  Compact Camera  APS Camera  Single Lens Reflex (SLR)  Twin Lens Reflex (TLR)  Digital Camera (Variety of format from large to small)

 Compact cameras are designed to be tiny and portable and are particularly suitable for casual and "snapshot" uses. Hence, they are also called point-and-shoot cameras. The smallest, generally less than 20 mm thick, are described as subcompacts or "ultra-compacts" and some are nearly credit card size.

 Designed to be easy to use  Sacrificing advanced features and picture quality for compactness and simplicity; images can usually only be stored using lossy compression such as JPEG  Most have a built-in flash usually of low power, sufficient for nearby subjects.  Live preview is almost always used to frame the photo.  Most have limited motion picture capability.  Compacts often have macro capability and zoom lenses but the zoom range is usually less than for bridge and DSLR cameras  Most of them just provide the fix lens and fix shutter speed

 Since it's launch in 1996, APS technology has offered a number of exciting features to the camera user. The system itself revolves around a special new type of film cartridge that is smaller than traditional film and offers a range of new features.  The APS range provide a lot of the functions that you may now take for granted, zoom lenses, built in flash and red eye reduction, although not all cameras have all the features.

 APS cameras are aimed at people who are attracted to the idea of ease of use, no fuss photography.  With features such as the choice of three different print formats, drop in film loading and the cameras themselves being small and easy to transport, they really do make life easy.

 Its offer three type of print formats  APS – C 6"x4"  APS – H High definition TV (HDTV) 7"x4"  APS – P Panoramic 10"x4".

 Limited print size format Only print up to 8 x 10 size only. No large format print The system is too expensive because the Giant photography company have to change the entire system especially printing system because APS system use different method and printing format. The system is unpopular for serious or professional photographer

 "SLR" stands for "Single Lens Reflex" and "DSLR" stands for "Digital Single Lens Reflex".  The main advantage of an SLR camera over the point-and-shoots is that the photographer can change the lenses so they can have exactly the right lens for the subject they're shooting.

 When you look through the viewfinder, you actually look through some prisms and mirrors, and you wind up looking through the lens. When you trip the shutter, the mirror flips out of the way, and the scene that is projected on the film is exactly what you saw through the viewfinder. If you put on a different lens, you automatically see a different scene through the viewfinder.

 There are two usual format for the SLR Camera  The format determine the size of the film that compatible with the camera  120 format or 6x6 cm (for medium format)  Or 35 mm (for normal or small format)

 You can expand your system to match your interests. If you suddenly get interested in photographing tiny bugs, just get a macro lens, and you're in business.  Upgrading is easy. If a fantastic new camera body comes out, you can replace your old one, and all your old lenses will continue to work.  Backup is easy. If you're going on that once-in-a-lifetime safari to Africa, take two bodies. If one fails, you're still in business.  Almost every level of equipment quality is available -- you're limited only by your pocketbook. With a point-and-shoot, you get the lens and flash that comes with your camera, and that's it.

 Twin Lens Reflex (TLR) cameras are "two-eyed" cameras.They normally consist of two equally constructed lenses with equal focal length and equal "speed". They are mounted in the front of the case, and their focusing is synchronized so that they are always focused on the same distance. The difference is that the one lens projects the incoming image via mirror up to the reflex finder's ground glass whilst the other lens projects the image into the camera's dark chamber onto the film plane. The camera lens can be stopped down whilst the finder lens is always at maximum aperture.

 The scene viewed by the top lens (the viewing lens) is reflected by a mirror onto the ground glass screen so that the image seen on the ground glass is back to front (left is right, right is left) which can take some time for getting used to.

 The bottom lens (the taking lens) exposes the film. This means that, unlike SLR cameras, the viewed image is not exactly the same as the image recorded on the film — the difference being the distance between the centre of the viewing lens and the centre of the taking lens. This discrepancy is known as parallax error, which can be corrected by lifting the camera until the taking lens is as high as the viewing lens was when the image was composed.  majority of TLRs take 120 film and expose 12 pictures in 6×6cm format

 A digital camera (or digicam) is a camera that takes video or still photographs, or both, digitally by recording images via an electronic image sensor. It is the main device used in the field of digital photography.

 Digital cameras can do things film cameras cannot: displaying images on a screen immediately after they are recorded, storing thousands of images on a single small memory device, and deleting images to free storage space.  The majority, including most compact cameras, can record moving video with sound as well as still photographs. Some can crop and stitch pictures and perform other elementary image editing. Some have a GPS receiver built in, and can produce geotagged photograph.

 Point and Shoot Digital Camera  DSLR  Digital Backing

 Two type of sensor for Digital Camera  Charge Couple Devices (CCD) – for low- end camera  Complimentary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) – For high – end camera

 15 mm x 23mm CCD Size for Low End Camera  24mm x 36 mm CMOS/CCD full frame sensor for high end DSLR Camera – For Nikon D3x, D3, Canon 5D Mark II etc. (Same like conventional 35 mm film size)

 The large sensor size produce more detail, reduce noise and the light absorption and illumination towards the sensor is more effective.  The small size is vice versa  But the technology of photography sensor still never hit the conventional film for the time being in term of density, contrast and resolution.