Gender and Gender Roles Goals A World Without Gender To explore the levels of sex To better understand the variations of sex/gender To articulate processes of gender identity development

How Many Sexes Are There? Genetic/chromosomal sex Gonadal/hormonal sex Body sex Brain sex

What is Genetic/Chromosomal Sex? Begins with genetic combo of sperm and egg Genetic map is established 23 pairs of chromosomes 22 are autosomes (non-sex chromosomes) 1 pair contains sex chromosomes (XX or XY – or some other configuration)

What is Gonadal/Hormonal Sex? AT THE BEGINNING (we all have….) Accessory Organs A Pair of Sexless Gonads Two Duct Systems (Mullerian/Wollfian) As Development Progresses…. XY XX (no Y to interfere) Y X H-Y Antigen Development of ovaries Testicular development Estrogen Androgens (Testosterone) Wollfian ducts deteriorate Development of Wollfian ducts into Development of Mullerian ducts penis and scrotum into uterus and fallopian tubes Activation of the Mullerian repression hormone

What is Body Sex? By the 8th week, sex organs are distinguishable (16th week by US is typical) Testosterone and DHT Parts influence person’s self perception

What is Brain Sex? The sexually differentiated brain? Hormones and the brain

What Are Some Variations on Biological Sex? ~Intersexuality ~True hermaphrodite/ Pseudohermaphrodite http://www.angelfire.com/ca2/BornHermaphrodite/ ~Fetally Androgenized females ~Expsosure to synthetic hormones ~Congenital adrenal hyperplasia ~Androgen insensitivity syndrome/Testicular feminization ~DHT deficiency syndrome Guevedoces ~Turner’s syndrome ~XXY and XYY

What Are Some Gender Terms? Gender identity Gender role Cisgender

A Look at Meanings of Trans Transgender Role of DSM Transsexual Transvestite Health care

How is Gender Identity Developed? Combining chromosomes from egg and sperm H-Y antigen Fetal gonads (testes or ovaries) Production or nonproduction of fetal hormones Growth of distinguishable Effects on development female and/or male sex organs of the brain Distinguishable female and/or male sex organs Sex assignment at birth Child’s own body image Rearing child as boy or girl Child’s core gender identity Prenatal Factors Infancy & Childhood Factors

How Might Gender Be Interpreted? BIPOLAR “All Man” “All Woman” Becoming more feminine Becoming more masculine and less masculine and less feminine Hypermasculine traits Hyperfeminine traits ORTHOGONAL Feminine Not masculine Masculine Not Feminine OBLIQUE Androgynous Feminine Masculine Not masculine Not feminine Undifferentiated

Gender Feedback Loop While many argue gender and sex are separate things, they can also be considered as interactive with one another – gender shapes sexual identity and sexual identity shapes gender. Shrinking Woman

Gender Feedback Loop

Are Sex and Gender Multidimensional? Male Female Biological Sex (external genitalia, internal repro. systems, chroms, hormones, secondary sex characs) Male Intersex/Hermaphrodite Female ________________________________________________________________________________________ Gender Identity (sense of self as being male or female; gender identity doesn’t always match biological sex) Man/boy Both/Neither/Other Woman/girl Gender Expression (Display of gender traits like clothing, hair, mannerisms, speech, roles) Masculine Androgynous Feminine Sexual Orientation (erotic and affectional response to another with respect to gender, bio sex?) Attracted to women Bisexual/Asexual/Pansexual(?) Attracted to men _____________________________________________________________________