Solid Waste & Impact

DEFINITION OF SOLID WASTE Solid waste refers to all waste materials except hazardous waste, liquid waste, and atmospheric emissions.

SOLID WASTES AND HARZADOUS WASTE Community Waste Agricultural Waste Industrial Waste General Waste Household Hazardous Waste Non-Hazardous Waste Hazardous Waste Same as general waste Refuse Garbage Paper elastic bottle glass textile metal Lether rubber etc. Vegetable Fruit Food etc. Battery/Flash light Fluorescent Paint Chemical Containers Toxic Waste Radioactive Waste Chemical Waste Explosive Waste Corrosive Waste

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT GENERATION STORAGE COLLECTION TRANSFER/ TRANSPORTATION RECOVERY PROCESSING DISPOSAL

SOLID WASTE Disposal Sources Sanitary land fill Household Incineration Commercial Institutional Market Disposal Sanitary land fill Incineration Decomposing Transportation

PROBLEM OF SOLID WASTE AND MANAGEMENT Problem of source and collection Problem of Transportation Problem of disposal

PROBLEM OF SOURCE AND COLLECTION Poor disposal at source Not separate of solid waste and hazardous waste Remaining solid waste Collection Collection service not cover all responsible area Lack of containers Improper containers Time consuming (due to solid waste collector spend time for separation)

ON-SITE STORAGE Primary containers Communal containers

PRIMARY CONTAINERS Bags, bins, buckets, etc. Used to collect and store the solid waste on household level In tropical urban environment, advised to storage not more than 24 hrs due to the serious risk of nuisance from odors and fly breeding

PROBLEM OF TRANSPORTATION Falling of solid waste during transportation Insufficient of transporting vehicle Unsuitable collecting routing/time

PROBLEM OF DISPOSAL Unsuitable location/improper design Disposal site No solid waste separation Incorrect solid waste separation (eg. scavenger) Not operated as designed (eg. Open dump and burn instead of sanitary landfill) Lack of equipment and manpower Inadequate of disposal area Difficult to find disposal site areas

POOR SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL MANAGEMENT Technical constraint Budget constraint Collection fee is very low Social constraint (NIMBY SYNDROME)

THE PROBLEM OF COMMUNITY WASTE MANAGEMENT Health Effect Collectors do not ware safety suit Collectors have high risk of infection Communication Lack of understanding in solid waste management Ignore to do it right Lack of participation Lack of information

Public Health Aspects of Municipal Solid Waste Management Waste categories Potential health impacts in the waste cycle

Waste categories with potential public health impacts Domestic waste General household wastes with used batteries and drugs containers, street sweepings with small quantities of excreta Special and hazardous wastes Health care waste (sharp and infectious components), toxic chemical, pharmaceutical and other industrial wastes, as well as radioactive wastes Other bulky wastes Untreated abattior wastes, construction wastes with asbestos components and sludge for treatment plants

Potential health impacts in the waste cycle Generation and storage Treatment and disposal Collection and transfer Waste recovery, recycling and reuse

Groups at risk from adverse public health impact of MSWM The population of unserved areas, especially pre-school children Waste operators and waste pickers Workers in facilities that produce infectious, toxic, and cancer-causing material People living close to waste disposal facilities The population supplied with water polluted by waste dumping or by inadequately protected landfill sites

Public health impacts if waste picking Minor occupational impacts from dust and sharps Significant occupational impacts from toxic chemicals, in recycling waste with high heavy metal content Significant in case of recycling of poorly disinfected infectious waste

Occupational hazards associates with waste handling Accidents Chronic Diseases Infections

Accidents: Muscular-skeletal disorders resulting from the handling of heavy containers Wounds, most often infected wounds, resulting from contact with sharp waste Intoxication and injuries resulting from contact with small amounts of hazardous chemical wastes collected with garbage Trauma, burns, and other injuries resulting from occupational accidents at waste disposal sites, or from methane gas explosion on landfill sites

Infections: Dermal and blood infection resulting from direct contact with waste and from infected wounds Ophthalmologic and respiratory infections resulting from exposure to infected dust, especially during land filling operation Zoonosis resulting from bites by wild or stray animals feeding on wastes Enteric infections transmitted by insects feeding on wastes

Chronic diseases: Incineration operators are especially exposed to chronic respiratory diseases resulting from exposure to dust; to toxic and carcinogenic impacts resulting from exposure to hazardous compounds; to cardiovascular disorders and heat stress resulting from expose to excessive temperature; and to loss of hearing function due to exposure to excessive noise.

Environmental pathways of health hazards from waste disposal facilities Landfills Composting Incinerators

Composting Minor occupational impacts from dust, sharp objects and small amounts of infectious wastes

Incinerators Direct impacts: occupational accidents and chronic diseases, air pollution by particulates, heavy metals, and toxic chemicals Indirect impacts: soil pollution by fly ash falling down, chemical water pollution from acid wastewater, and leachates from ash disposal in landfills

Landfills Direct impacts: accidents, fires, explosions, dust, smoke, noise, odors, insects, rodents, stray animals Indirect impacts: Surface water pollution by runoff from the landfill, and underground water pollution by leachates

Summary of waste-linked diseases and conditions with their causes or pathway of transmission Injuries and chronic diseases Bacterial, virus, or parasitic infections Tropical diseases transmitted by water borne vectors in urban areas

Injuries and chronic diseases Cuts and infective wounds from sharp waste Burns from fires generated in wastes Trauma from collapses of huge waste piles Burns or wounds from hazardous chemicals in waste Toxication and cancers from exposure to hazardous waste Chronic respiratory diseases from exposure to dust

Bacterial, viral, or parasitic infections: Bacterial or viral, blood infections resulting from injuries caused by infected sharp waste Eye and skin infections from waste generated infect dust Respiratory infections from exposure to waste-generated infected dust Vector borne diseases, viral or parasitic, transmitted by vectors living or breeding in waste-generated ponds; and worm infestation transmitted by contact with polluted soil

Bacterial, viral, or parasitic infections: Bacterial viral or parasitic enteric diseases, transmitted either: By insects and rodents feeding on wastes By accidental ingestion of waste food Through drinking water contaminated by leachate from waste Trough eating food contaminated by leachate from waste Zoonosis carried by stray animals and rodents feeding on waste (rabies, plangue, leishmaniasis, hydiatasis, tick-borne fevers)

Tropical diseases transmitted by water-borne vectors in urban areas: Malaria transmitted by anopheles mosquitoes Dengue and yellow fever transmitted by aedes mosquitoes Filariasis (Bancroftian) transmitted by culex mosquitoes Schistosomiasis has bored by bulinus and other snails