Sirenian Evolution & Systematics MARE 390 Dr. Turner.

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Sirenian Evolution & Systematics MARE 390 Dr. Turner

Order Sirenia Only herbivorous marine mammals 2 Families of Sirenians Trichechidae – manatee (3 species) Dugongidae – dugong (1 species)

Order Sirenia Fossil record from early Eocene (50 mya)

Sirenian Biogeography Sirenians first evolved in the Caribbean (Jamaica) By end of the Eocene – occupied tropical Atlantic & Pacific Dugongids – most diverse & successful sirenians; appeared in Mediterranean “No, mon, let's go home to Jamaica. I and I been in Babylon too long. I want to pass the dutchie on the left-hand side!” – Homer Simpson

Sirenian Biogeography Dugongids – most diverse & successful sirenians; appeared in Mediterranean Manatees – diverged from Dugongids in late Eocene; occupied coastal estuaries of South America

Order Sirenia Earliest partially aquatic quadrupeds Morphology consistent – aquatic existence

Order Sirenia Sirenians, proboscideans (elephants), & desmostylians (extinct) termed Tethytheria

Order Sirenia ManateeDugong

Hydrostatic Adaptions Sirenian skeleton – thick compact bone Heavy bones & horizontal lungs – neutral buoyancy Muscular diaphragm

Whatever Sea Cow! Sea Elephants? “This is the greatest case of false advertising I've seen since I sued the movie ‘The Never Ending Story’.” - Lionel Hutz Attorney at Law

Family Trichechidae Trichechus senegalensis - West African manatee Trichechus inunguis - Amazonian manatee Trichechus manatus - West Indian manatee 2 subspecies: Trichechus m. latirostris - Florida manatee Trichechus m. manatus Antillean manatee

Family Dugongidae Dugong dugong - Dugong Hydrodamalis gigas - Steller’s sea cow

Family Dugongidae More diverse in the past than manatee 19 extinct genera; some cold adapted Many had tusks

Steller’s Sea Cow Known for 27 yrs ( ) Large sized sirenian ( m) Cold-temperate waters of Bering Sea Fed in water column – Kelp Small in number & range when described Quickly wiped out by sailors, sealers, & fur traders Hunted for food, skins, & blubber

Order Desmostylia Only extinct order of marine mammals At least 6 genera; 10 species Hippo-sized amphibious quadrapeds Estuarine/coastal – subtropical/temperate

Order Desmostylia Similar locomotion to polar bears Herbivore – marine algae & seagrasses