Robert Wade AP World History Bryan Adams High School

Abraham’s Genealogy ABRAHAM SARAH HAGAR Isaac Esau Jacob 12 Tribes of Israel Ishmael 12 Arabian Tribes

Islam  An Abrahamic Religion  Muslims are strict monotheists.  They believe in the Judeo- Christian God, which they call Allah.  Muslims believe that the Torah and the Bible, like the Qur’an, is the word of God. Peoples of the Book

The Prophetic Tradition Adam Noah Abraham Moses Jesus Muhammad

Muhammad: The Prophet Pre- Islamic Arabia was made up of primarily Bedouin nomads, trade cities such as Mecca and Medina did existPre- Islamic Arabia was made up of primarily Bedouin nomads, trade cities such as Mecca and Medina did exist Muhammad was an honest, successful merchant who married an older widowMuhammad was an honest, successful merchant who married an older widow He received revelations from Gabriel and set these down in the Qur’anHe received revelations from Gabriel and set these down in the Qur’an The Hadith, a collection of sayings of Muhammad were written later, along with a body of laws called the Shari’aThe Hadith, a collection of sayings of Muhammad were written later, along with a body of laws called the Shari’a

The Qur’an  Muslims believe it contains the word of God.  114 suras (chapters).  In the name of Allah, the compassionate, the merciful.  Written in Arabic.

Islamic Religious Practices  Up to four wives allowed at once.  Widows inherit a share of estate  Was patriarchal, was polygamous  No alcohol or pork, no gambling  Regulated treatment of others  Sharia  body of Islamic law to regulate daily living.  Three holiest cities in Islam: * Mecca, Medina, Jerusalem.

1. The Shahada 1 1  The testimony.  The declaration of faith: There is no god worthy of worship except God, and Muhammad is His Messenger [or Prophet]. There is no god worthy of worship except God, and Muhammad is His Messenger [or Prophet].

2. The Salat 2 2  The mandatory prayers performed 5 times a day: * dawn * noon * late afternoon * sunset * before going to bed  Wash before praying.  Face Mecca and use a prayer rug.

3. The Zakat 3 3  Almsgiving (charitable donations).  Muslims believe that all things belong to God.  Zakat means both “purification” and “growth.”  About 2.5% of your income.

4. The Sawm 4 4  Fasting during the holy month of Ramadan.  Considered a method of self- purification.  No eating or drinking from sunrise to sunset during Ramadan.

5. The Hajj 5 5  The pilgrimage to Mecca.  Must be done at least once in a Muslim’s lifetime.  2-3 million Muslims make the pilgrimage every year.

The Dar al-Islam The World of Islam

The Growth of Islam In 622 Muhammad was forced to flee Mecca for Medina (Hijrah) by fearful merchants who saw him as a threatIn 622 Muhammad was forced to flee Mecca for Medina (Hijrah) by fearful merchants who saw him as a threat In 632 he and 1,000 followers took Mecca, but he died a short time laterIn 632 he and 1,000 followers took Mecca, but he died a short time later Abu Bakr, a loyal follower succeeded him, and Umar succeeded himAbu Bakr, a loyal follower succeeded him, and Umar succeeded him Both attracted large followings with impressive military conquests, taking Jerusalem and defeating the Byzantine army at the battle of YarmukBoth attracted large followings with impressive military conquests, taking Jerusalem and defeating the Byzantine army at the battle of Yarmuk

Spread of Islam Umar was succeeded by Uthman who was assassinated by a group of rebelsUmar was succeeded by Uthman who was assassinated by a group of rebels Ali, son-in-law of Muhammad, was chosen as successor, but not likedAli, son-in-law of Muhammad, was chosen as successor, but not liked Mu’awiyah challenged Ali at battle of Siffan and many chose to follow himMu’awiyah challenged Ali at battle of Siffan and many chose to follow him A group of Kharijites assassinated Ali and Mu’awiyah declared himself CaliphA group of Kharijites assassinated Ali and Mu’awiyah declared himself Caliph The new Umayyad dynasty made many conquests, from Spain to IndiaThe new Umayyad dynasty made many conquests, from Spain to India

The Spread of Islam  Easy to learn and practice.  No priesthood.  Teaches equality.  Non-Muslims, who were “Peoples of the Book,” were allowed religious freedom, but paid additional taxes.  Easily “portable”  nomads & trade routes.  Jihad (“Holy War”) against pagans and other non-believers (“infidels”).

The Split in Islam Ali’s younger son, Husayn challenged Yazid, son of Mu’awiyah at battle of Kerbala, was defeated but gave rise to the Shi’a who believe that leaders must come from the family of MuhammadAli’s younger son, Husayn challenged Yazid, son of Mu’awiyah at battle of Kerbala, was defeated but gave rise to the Shi’a who believe that leaders must come from the family of Muhammad Imams (leaders) come through Husayn and mullahs (clergy) provide leadership with ayatollahs being at the very topImams (leaders) come through Husayn and mullahs (clergy) provide leadership with ayatollahs being at the very top As the Umayyads became more secular they were overthrown by the Abbasids led by Abu al-AbbasAs the Umayyads became more secular they were overthrown by the Abbasids led by Abu al-Abbas