OTTOMAN MEDICINE Assist.Prof.Dr. Mehmet KARATAŞ Department of History of Medicine and Ethics

Ottoman Medicine The social structure of the Ottoman Empire in first periods can be thought as the social structure of Seljuks. In medicine, the Hilt theory (humoral theory or 4 temperaments theory) was still valid. They established Hospices (Darüşşifa) From 15th century they started to write medical works and their observations in Turkish.

Süleymaniye Darüşşifası

Darüşşifas and Health Care Instutitions in Ottoman Empire 14th century Bursa Yıldırım Darüşşifası 15th century Edirne Leprosery Fatih Darüşşifası (İstanbul) Edirne II. Bayezid Darüşşifası

Darüşşifas and Health Care Instutitions in Ottoman Empire 16th century Karacaahmet Leprosery (İstanbul) Manisa Hafsa Sultan Bimarhanesi Haseki Darüşşifası (İstanbul) Süleymaniye Darüşşifası (İstanbul) Toptaşı Atikvalide Bimarhanesi (Üsküdar) 17th century Sultanahmet Darüşşifası (İstanbul)

Ottoman Medicine Many new hospitals are established especially in 15th and 16th centuries. Leprosy patients were stigmatized in western world and separated from the society. In fact, some leproseries were established

Ottoman Medicine Fatih Darüşşifası: After the conquest of Istanbul Fatih complex (Külliye) was established. This complex also includes Darüşşifa. Edirne Bayezid II Darüşşifası: This Darüşşifa is also a part of a complex (Külliye) and still exists.

Some Famous Ottoman Physicians Şerafeddin Sabuncuoğlu (14-15th century): Sabuncuoğlu is one of the most important physicians from Amasya. He described some medical events in his book Cerrahiyet ül Haniye. He also described some surgical tool and some operation techniques. Mücerrebname: He wrote his experiments on animals in this book.

Some Famous Ottoman Physicians Ibrahim bin Abdullah Ahi Çelebi Nidai Emir Çelebi was poisoned with opium (Murad IV) (He suggests dissection in his work and talks about deontology)

Some Famous Ottoman Physicians Şemseddin Itaki from Şirvan: He contributed anatomy in his time. He was a physician in 17th century 18th century chief physician (Hekimbaşı) Mustafa Behçet Efendi, chief physician Abdulhak Molla and Şanizade Ataullah Efendi* made great contributions to medicine. Mustafa Behçet Efendi was the first one in Ottoman medicine who put some patients in quarantine and he guided people to establish the first modern medicine school * While he was in Tire because of his exile he died because of itlak (amnesty) / itlaf (execution) event.

Mustafa Behçet Efendi

Abdulhak Molla

From Şanizade Mehmet Ataullah’s Anatomy Book

Ottoman Medicine Chief Physicians (Hekimbaşılık) They were special physicians of padishah (sultan). Besides they were responsible for the welfare of royal family and whole court. They had also some administrative responsibilities. They were responsible for the health services and its administration in Ottoman.

Chief physician (Hekimbaşı), physician, military medical student

Common Diseases Cholera Smallpox Typhus Syphilis Tuberculosis Malaria Trachoma

Modernization of Medical Education In Ottomans medical schools were madrasa (master-apprentice system). At the beginning of the 19th century there weren’t enough physician and physicians didn’t have modern medical knowledge.

Modernization of Medical Education First modern Ottoman Medical School was established in 14 March 1827. In the time of Sultan Mahmud II and called Tıphane-i Amire (Mustafa Behçet) (Şehzadebaşı Tulumbacı Konağı). The real aim of establishing this school was educating new physicians for the new army called “Asakir-i Mansure-i Muhammediye” It moved in 1836 to Otlukçu Kışlası in Topkapı Palace.

Modernization of Medical Education In 1839 it got its new name Mekteb-i Tıbbiye-i Adliye-i Şahane when it moved to the place of old Enderun Ağaları School in Galatasaray. Medical education was in French. Abdulhak Molla was the president of the school and Dr. Charles Ambroise Bernard was the director. Mahmut II. mentioned at his opening speech that the main aim was medical education in Turkish.

Modernization of Medical Education In 1867 Mekteb-i Tıbbiye-i Mülkiye started medical education in Turkish. In 1870 with attempt of Esad Paşa the medical education would done only in Turkish.

Galatasaray Tıbbiyesi (Medical School of Galatasaray)

Modernization of Medical Education Civilian Medical School (Mekteb-i Tıbbiye-i Mülkiye) First civilian medical school was established in 1867 and its education language was Turkish. Two schools were situated in Galatasaray for a while. In 1870 military medical school changed its education language Turkish too. Then civilian medical school moved to Kadırga from Galatasaray.

Modernization of Medical Education Gülhane Military Practice School It was established in borders of Topkapı Palace 1898. Its aim was increasing physicians’ practical skills.

Modernization of Medical Education New Building of the Medical School A commission which was established in the period of Abdülhamit II decided that the military medical school should move to Haydarpaşa. After this decision construction of the new building had begun in 1895. The millitary medical school could start education in this new building in 6 November 1903.

Haydarpaşa Medical Faculty/Istanbul

Modernization of Medical Education The civilian and military medical schools united in 1909 and both of them called Haydarpaşa Tıp Fakültesi (Medical Faculty). Cemil Paşa (Topuzlu) was the new dean of this faculty. Education was interrupted during the Great War I and the hospital was turned into auxillary military hospital in 1914. Education started again in 1916. School was successful in public health and military medicine and graduated many physicians.

Konuyla İlgili SORU/CEVAP Aşağıdakilerden hangisi Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun ünlü hekimlerinden biridir? Cevap 1: Şerafeddin Sabuncuoğlu Soru 2: 14 Mart 1827’de açılan ilk modern tıp okulunun adı neydi? Cevap 2: Tıphane-i Amire

References A. Selim ATAY, İnönü Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, translation Tolga GÜVEN, Marmara Üniversitesi Tıp Tarihi ve Etik AD ders notları Ali Haydar BAYAT, Tıp Tarihi Emine ATABEK, Şefik GÖRKEY, Başlangıcından Rönesansa Kadar Tıp Tarihi Çağlar Boyu Tıp, Roche Yayınları http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page