Carbon Compounds Organic Chemistry What makes carbon special? 1.Four valence electrons 2.Bonds with many elements 3.Forms covalent bonds 4.Bonds are singular or multiple 5.Forms complex structures

The 4 organic molecules found in living things 1.Carbohydrates 2.Lipids 3.Nucleic Acids 4.Proteins

Chemistry What is the chemistry of “life”? Twenty-five chemicals are necessary for life and four create about 96 % of living matter: 1.Carbon 2.Oxygen 3.Hydrogen 4.Nitrogen. COHN The Atom and Periodic Table

Forming Macromolecules 1.Monomers A.Sugars B.Glycerol & Triglycerides C.Amino Acids D.Nucleotides 2. Polymers / Macromolecules Polymerization 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids

Function: 1.Energy storage (4 KCal/g) 2.Structural support Carbohydrates Ratio: C-H-O 1:2:1 Carbohydrates are composed of chains of Polysaccharides, which are made from monosaccharides.

Dehydration Synthesis Sucrose – a disaccharide

Lipids Function: 1.Energy Storage (9 KCal/g ) 2.Biological Membranes 3.Chemical Messengers (steroids) A. What makes a lipid saturated, unsaturated or polyunsaturated? B. At room temperature what do these fats look like? Lipids (fats, oils, waxes) = Glycerol + 3 fatty acids (Triglycerides)

Nucleic Acids Function: 1. Stores genetic information (RNA & DNA) A nucleotide is made of: 1.A phosphate group 2.A 5 carbon sugar (either ribose or deoxyribose 3.A nitrogenous base

Proteins An amino acid is made of: 1.Amino Group NH 2 2.Carboxyl Group COOH 3. The “R” Group How many amino acids are there? Function: 1.Tissue – bones & muscle 2.Control – enzymes & hormones 3.Transport – cell membranes

R Groups

Activation Energy – Speed of Collision! Any chemical reaction results in the breaking of some bonds (needing energy) and the making of new ones (releasing energy).

Activation Energy Propane Torch L1xyX5M Activation Energy K6PLrRM Exothermic Reaction GgeeIVM Exothermic – little energy input but has high energy output *Tend to be explosive – gives off energy - fireplace Endothermic – requires more energy input for energy output - absorbs energy – melting ice or evaporating water Activation Energy c.com/webcontent/ani mations/content/enzy mes/enzymes.html

Enzymes How does an enzyme impact activation energy? - Lowers Enzymes are what organic molecule? - Protein How much faster are reactions? – 10 million Enzymes: Enzymes: 1.Are specific to one chemical reaction 2.Are not themselves part of the reaction 3.They can be turned on and off 4.Work at specific temperature ranges 5.Work at specific pH ranges Enzyme Activity is impacted by 1. pH (your blood 7.4) 2. Temperature (body 37celcius) The pH affects the conformational state of the enzyme. At the optimum pH the enzyme assumes the optimum 3D conformation allowing for efficient substrate binding.