Carbon Compounds

Functional Groups -CH 3 -OH -NH 2 -PO 3

Carbon Compounds Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

Building Larger Molecules Condensation (Dehydration Synthesis) OH-C-C-C-OH Monomers OH-C-C-C-O-C-C-C-OH + H2O Polymer

Breaking Down Large Molecules Hydrolysis OH-C-C-C-OH Monomers OH-C-C-C-O-C-C-C-OH + H2O Polymer (ENZYMES)

Monomers & Polymers

Carbohydrates Short-term energy-storage Some structural Bigger molecules = more energy! –(energy is stored in bonds)

Carbohydrates Sugars – saccharides. Monosaccharides (monomers) –Simple sugars –Glucose, Fructose Disaccharides (simple polymers) –Two monomers combined –Sucrose, Lactose Polysaccharides (complex polymers) –Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose

Lipids Long-term energy-storage (reserves). –Bigger molecules = more energy! Membrane structure Hormones

Lipids With Fatty Acids Glycerides Phospholipids Waxes Without Fatty Acids Steroids

Lipids with Fatty Acids 1.Glycerides = Fats & Oils Glycerol + 1, 2, or 3 fatty acid chains. –Monoglycerides –Diglycerides –Triglycerides

Lipids with Fatty Acids 1.Glycerides –Saturated vs Unsaturated

Lipids with Fatty Acids 2.Phospholipids –Membranes – “phospholipid bilayer”

Lipids with Fatty Acids 3.Waxes –VERY hydrophobic molecules –Water repellent Protection from water gain and loss Bees Wax Ear Wax (Squalene) Plant wax (Ursolic acid)

Lipids without Fatty Acids 1.Steroids – 4 carbon rings Hormones, Vitamin D

Proteins Structural Membrane Function Enzymes Hormones Antibodies/Antigens Energy (as a last resort) Proteins get things done!

Amino Acids (Acid group)

Peptide Bond Condensation Reaction (dehydration synthesis) Acid groupAmino group

“Polypeptide” formation Primary (1 o ) Structure

Polypeptide Chain

Polypeptide Folding & Spiraling Secondary (2 o ) Structure

Polypeptide 3-D Shape Tertiary (3 o ) Structure –Covalent Bonds –Ionic Bonds –Disulfide Bonds –Hydrogen Bonds –Van der Waals Interactions

Polypeptide 3-D Shape Conformation

Multiple Polypeptides Quaternary (4 o ) Structure

Nucleic Acids Nucleotides = monomers –5-carbon sugar –N-base –Phosphate

Nucleic Acids DNA – Deoxyribonucleic Acid RNA – Ribonucleic Acid

Nucleic Acids ATP – Adenosine Triphosphate