GCSE Core Keywords: Suggest, Use information, Explain, Conclude, Calculate, Describe, Evaluate

GCSE Core Learning Objectives: Understand what different questions are asking. Know what answers are expected by AQA. I will be successful in this lesson if I can: State what information is required to answer AQA set questions (Grade C) Explain what ‘understanding’ questions are asking for (Grade C). Identify the language sought for when answering examination questions (Grade B). Structure long answers appropriately (Grade A).

GCSE Core 5 mins: On your own write down as many bits of information that you think belongs in that question. 10 mins: Swap your paper with your partner and add to their paper.

GCSE Core Speak to others in the room to find the answers to the questions that you have no bits of information on. Please no more than 5mins

GCSE Core Let’s review the key points for Crude Oil Crude oil is a mixture of many different compounds. Most of the compounds in crude oil are hydrocarbons & many of these are alkenes.Crude oil is a mixture of many different compounds. Most of the compounds in crude oil are hydrocarbons & many of these are alkenes. Distillation separates liquids with different boiling points. Crude oil is seperated into fractions by fractional distillation. Each fraction contains molecules with dimilar boiling points.Distillation separates liquids with different boiling points. Crude oil is seperated into fractions by fractional distillation. Each fraction contains molecules with dimilar boiling points. The properties of hydrocarbons depend on the size of the molecules.The properties of hydrocarbons depend on the size of the molecules. Burning hydrocarbons in plenty of air produces carbon dioxide and water.Burning hydrocarbons in plenty of air produces carbon dioxide and water. In a limited supply of air it forms carbon monoxide and particles may be produced.In a limited supply of air it forms carbon monoxide and particles may be produced. Any sulfur compounds in the fuel burn to produce sulfur dioxide.Any sulfur compounds in the fuel burn to produce sulfur dioxide. Carbon dioxide contributes to global warming.Carbon dioxide contributes to global warming. Particulates contribute to global dimming.Particulates contribute to global dimming. Sulfur dioxide forms acid rain.Sulfur dioxide forms acid rain.

GCSE Core ASSESSOR TIPS Make sure you can explain how fractional distillation works. Small molecules are found at the top of the fractionating column as they have low bp. Difference between simple and fractional distillation is that simple distillation occurs in steps whereas fractional distillation is a continuous process. You must be able to write balanced symbol equations for the combustion of an alkane given its formula. You should be able to link the products of burning fossil fuels with 3 main environmental effects. You should also know of some developments to overcome problems with fuels.

GCSE Core Let’s review the key points for Products from oil Cracking of fractions from crude oil produces smaller more useable molecules. Alkanes and unsaturated hydrocarbons (called alkenes) are produced. Bromine water is used to test for saturation.Cracking of fractions from crude oil produces smaller more useable molecules. Alkanes and unsaturated hydrocarbons (called alkenes) are produced. Bromine water is used to test for saturation. Monomers are small molecules that join together to make polymers. Polymers are made when any type of monomer is joined togetherMonomers are small molecules that join together to make polymers. Polymers are made when any type of monomer is joined together Alkene molecules are joined together by addition polymerisation.Alkene molecules are joined together by addition polymerisation. Polymers have very long molecules with strong bonds holding the atoms together within the molecules.Polymers have very long molecules with strong bonds holding the atoms together within the molecules. Thermosoftening polymers have weak forces between the polymer molecules.Thermosoftening polymers have weak forces between the polymer molecules. Strong bonds form between the molecules in thermosetting polymers.Strong bonds form between the molecules in thermosetting polymers. Polymers can be designed with specific properties.Polymers can be designed with specific properties. New polymers have been produced to replace traditional materials in many uses.New polymers have been produced to replace traditional materials in many uses. Shape memory polymers return to their original shape after being bent.Shape memory polymers return to their original shape after being bent.

GCSE Core ASSESSOR TIPS Make sure you use the correct words to describe the results of the bromine water test (it turns colourless or colour is removed). Unsaturated means that the molecules contains fewer hydrogen atoms than an alkane molecule with the same number of carbon atoms. In addition reactions there is only one product because the reactants join together. You should be able to recognise alkenes used as monomers from their names or formulas. Many students do not make clear in their answers whether they are explaining the chemical or intermolecular bonds. Chemical bonds are strong and join atoms together to make molecules. Intermolecular forces act between molecules & are weaker than chemical bonds. It is best to use the word ‘bond’ only for forces that hold atoms together within molecules. Thermosoftening plastics become soft when heated. You DO NOT NEED TO REMEMBER the names & details of specific polymers. But YOU DO NEED TO RECOGNISE the type of polymer from a description of their properties or uses. You should be able to explain why polymers have replaced other materials

GCSE Core Let’s review the key points for Plant oils Vegetable oils can be extracted from seeds, nuts and fruits by pressing or by distillation.Vegetable oils can be extracted from seeds, nuts and fruits by pressing or by distillation. Vegetable oils provide a lot of energy as foods or fuels.Vegetable oils provide a lot of energy as foods or fuels. Some vegetable oils are unsaturated because their molecules contain carbon-carbon double bonds.Some vegetable oils are unsaturated because their molecules contain carbon-carbon double bonds. When foods are cooked in oil the energy content, flavour, colour & texture of the food are changed.When foods are cooked in oil the energy content, flavour, colour & texture of the food are changed. Unsaturated oils can be made into solids at room temperature by hydrogenation (addition reaction where hydrogen is added to break the double bonds & a catalyst to increase the rate of reaction and a high temperature).Unsaturated oils can be made into solids at room temperature by hydrogenation (addition reaction where hydrogen is added to break the double bonds & a catalyst to increase the rate of reaction and a high temperature). Emulsions are mixtures of tiny droplets of liquids suspended in each other. Emulsifiers help to stabilise emulsions which are usually thicker than the liquids that make them.Emulsions are mixtures of tiny droplets of liquids suspended in each other. Emulsifiers help to stabilise emulsions which are usually thicker than the liquids that make them. Additives are used in foods to improve appearance, taste and shelf-life and can be identified by using chemical analysis.Additives are used in foods to improve appearance, taste and shelf-life and can be identified by using chemical analysis. E-numbers are given to foods approved for use in Europe.E-numbers are given to foods approved for use in Europe. We can burn vegetable oils to produce energy. Modified vegetable oils can replace some of the fossil fuels that we use because biofuel is renewable & causes less pollution.We can burn vegetable oils to produce energy. Modified vegetable oils can replace some of the fossil fuels that we use because biofuel is renewable & causes less pollution.

GCSE Core ASSESSOR TIPS There are lots of different vegetable oils, but they all have molecules with chains of carbon atoms.There are lots of different vegetable oils, but they all have molecules with chains of carbon atoms. Increasing the temperature makes chemical reactions go faster (increases the rate of reaction) so food cooks faster in oil than in water.Increasing the temperature makes chemical reactions go faster (increases the rate of reaction) so food cooks faster in oil than in water. Oils are liquid at room temperature whereas fats are solid at room temperature.Oils are liquid at room temperature whereas fats are solid at room temperature. Emulsions are different from solutions. In a solution the substances mix thoroughly and the liquid becomes clear. In an emulsion the liquids remain as tiny droplets and the mixture is transparent.Emulsions are different from solutions. In a solution the substances mix thoroughly and the liquid becomes clear. In an emulsion the liquids remain as tiny droplets and the mixture is transparent. Liquids that DO NOT MIX and usually separate from each other are known as ‘immiscible’ and can be made into emulsions.Liquids that DO NOT MIX and usually separate from each other are known as ‘immiscible’ and can be made into emulsions. Questions are likely to be about the reason for adding substances to food and how these are detected. You DO NOT NEED to know specific E-numbers, but you should recognise that a substance is a permitted additive if it has an E-number.Questions are likely to be about the reason for adding substances to food and how these are detected. You DO NOT NEED to know specific E-numbers, but you should recognise that a substance is a permitted additive if it has an E-number. Get used to reading food labels so you can recognise additives. For higher grades you need to be able to present arguments for and against the use of additives in foods.Get used to reading food labels so you can recognise additives. For higher grades you need to be able to present arguments for and against the use of additives in foods. You must identify that biofuels have a neutral burn. The amount of carbon put into the air is neutralised by the amount of carbon the plants had removed.You must identify that biofuels have a neutral burn. The amount of carbon put into the air is neutralised by the amount of carbon the plants had removed.

GCSE Core Learning Objectives: Understand what different questions are asking. Know what answers are expected by AQA. I will be successful in this lesson if I can: State what information is required to answer AQA set questions (Grade C) Explain what ‘understanding’ questions are asking for (Grade C). Identify the language sought for when answering examination questions (Grade B). Structure long answers appropriately (Grade A).