Figure 7.1. Variation in weed species composition in relation to crop grown in the four annual cropping systems of the Main Cropping System Experiment.

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Figure 7.1. Variation in weed species composition in relation to crop grown in the four annual cropping systems of the Main Cropping System Experiment (MCSE). Plot scores are from detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) of weed species composition from 1990– 2002 for each crop in A) Conventional, B) No-till, C) Reduced Input, and D) Biologically Based systems. Symbol legend for all panels appears in panel A. Asterisks indicate scores for the four dominant weeds used in the ordination. AMARE = Amaranthus retroflexus; CHEAL = Chenopodium album; Other = Other dicots; Grass = all grass species. Modified from Davis et al. (2005). Gross, K. L., S. Emery, A. S. Davis, R. G. Smith, and T. M. P. Robinson Plant community dynamics in agricultural and successional fields. Pages in S. K. Hamilton, J. E. Doll, and G. P. Robertson, editors. The ecology of agricultural landscapes: long-term research on the path to sustainability. Oxford University Press, New York, New York, USA.

Figure 7.2. Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) of weed seedbank species composition in four annual row-crop systems on the MCSE. Data are scores for replicate plots (n=6) of each system for the 5 years sampled (every three years, 1990–2002). Asterisks indicate scores for the four dominant weeds used in the ordination. AMARE = Amaranthus retroflexus; CHEAL = Chenopodium album; Other = Other dicots; Grass = all grass species. Ovals group data points (majority) of Conventional and No-till and of Reduced Input and Biologically Based systems to highlight divergence in weed seed banks. Modified from Davis et al. (2005). Gross, K. L., S. Emery, A. S. Davis, R. G. Smith, and T. M. P. Robinson Plant community dynamics in agricultural and successional fields. Pages in S. K. Hamilton, J. E. Doll, and G. P. Robertson, editors. The ecology of agricultural landscapes: long-term research on the path to sustainability. Oxford University Press, New York, New York, USA.

Figure 7.3. Weed species composition in response to agronomic and fallow treatments in the Biodiversity Gradient Experiment. Plot scores are from non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordination of weed community composition and abundance in 2004 in relation to crop type (soybean, wheat, corn) and tillage time (spring, fall) for fallow treatments. Ordination based on Bray-Curtis dissimilarity in species composition. Gross, K. L., S. Emery, A. S. Davis, R. G. Smith, and T. M. P. Robinson Plant community dynamics in agricultural and successional fields. Pages in S. K. Hamilton, J. E. Doll, and G. P. Robertson, editors. The ecology of agricultural landscapes: long-term research on the path to sustainability. Oxford University Press, New York, New York, USA.

Figure 7.4. Changes in species composition in the first decade following abandonment of agricultural practices in the Early Successional system of the MCSE. Data are for each of 6 replicate plots with year indicated by different symbols. Species composition compared using non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) analysis of annual biomass harvest averaged across 4–5 sampling stations in each replicate (see Gross and Emery (2007) for details). From Old Fields, edited by Viki A. Kramer and Richard J. Hobbs. Copyright © 2007 Island Press. Reproduced with permission of Island Press, Washington, D.C. Gross, K. L., S. Emery, A. S. Davis, R. G. Smith, and T. M. P. Robinson Plant community dynamics in agricultural and successional fields. Pages in S. K. Hamilton, J. E. Doll, and G. P. Robertson, editors. The ecology of agricultural landscapes: long-term research on the path to sustainability. Oxford University Press, New York, New York, USA.

Figure 7.5. Interannual variability in aboveground biomass production in the Disturbance by N-Fertilization Experiment in the MCSE Early Successional system following abandonment (Year 1=1989) from control (unfertilized) and fertilized (nitrogen added) in A) untilled, successional and B) annually tilled treatments. Samples were harvested at peak biomass, typically late- July (untilled) and mid-August (tilled). Values are means ± SE, n = 6. Gross, K. L., S. Emery, A. S. Davis, R. G. Smith, and T. M. P. Robinson Plant community dynamics in agricultural and successional fields. Pages in S. K. Hamilton, J. E. Doll, and G. P. Robertson, editors. The ecology of agricultural landscapes: long-term research on the path to sustainability. Oxford University Press, New York, New York, USA.

Figure 7.6. Temporal changes in species richness (number of species per harvested sample) in the Disturbance by N- Fertilization Experiment in the MCSE Early Successional system in control (unfertilized) and fertilized (nitrogen added) treatments in the A) untilled, successional plots and B) annually tilled plots. The area sampled varied for the first 3 years (Yr. 1 = 0.2 m 2, Yrs. 2 and 3 = 0.3 m2 ); from Yr. 4 onward sampling area was 1.0 m 2 ; Year 1 = Values are means ± SE, n=6. Gross, K. L., S. Emery, A. S. Davis, R. G. Smith, and T. M. P. Robinson Plant community dynamics in agricultural and successional fields. Pages in S. K. Hamilton, J. E. Doll, and G. P. Robertson, editors. The ecology of agricultural landscapes: long-term research on the path to sustainability. Oxford University Press, New York, New York, USA.

Figure 7.7. Effects of rotational diversity treatments on average annual corn grain yield from 2000–2010 in the Biodiversity Gradient Experiment. Treatments are coded based on the number of species in the rotation. Values are means ± SE, n = 4. See Table 7.2 for description of treatments. Gross, K. L., S. Emery, A. S. Davis, R. G. Smith, and T. M. P. Robinson Plant community dynamics in agricultural and successional fields. Pages in S. K. Hamilton, J. E. Doll, and G. P. Robertson, editors. The ecology of agricultural landscapes: long-term research on the path to sustainability. Oxford University Press, New York, New York, USA.