Michael Quiñones, NBCT Adapted from a presentation originally created by Mr. Donn.org

Essential Question Answer the question above in at least five complete sentences based on your analysis and evaluation of the information contained in this presentation.

North America in 1750

British French French Fort Necessity at Fort Duquesne * Led by British Colonel George Washington * Delaware & Shawnee (yes the same Washington who became president) Indians at Fort Necessity at Fort Duquesne * Led by British Colonel George Washington * Delaware & Shawnee (yes the same Washington who became president) Indians The Ohio Valley 1754  The First Clashes (fights or battles)

Ben Franklin from Pennsylvania led representatives from his state, the New England colonies (Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island) New York, and Maryland who decided to join forces as a group of united British colonies to try to negotiate peace with the Mohawk and Iroquois nations and defend and fight against the French. A The Albany Congress’ plan to unite the colonies failed mostly because the legislatures of each colony (law makers) were jealous of the power a united colonial government might have. Also, the British government in England believed the military should have the most power. The Iroquois eventually broke off relations with Britain & threatened to trade only with France  Albany Plan of Union

British General Edward Braddock evicted (threw out) the French from the Ohio Valley and areas of Canada (Newfoundland & Nova Scotia) A Attacks in the Ohio Valley, Mohawk Valley, and Acadia. A General Braddock was killed 10 miles from Ft. Duquesne  by 1500 French and Indian forces. Britain’s only success was expelling (kicking out) French (Cajuns) from Louisiana  Britain Decides to Eliminate French Presence in North America

Native American tribes exploited (took advantage of) both sides French and British! Lord Loudouin Marquis de Montcalm 1756  War Is Formally Declared! Leader of British troops Leader of French troops

British Marched in formation or bayonet charge. British officers wanted to take charge of colonials. Prima Donna British officers with servants & tea settings. Drills & tough discipline. Colonists should pay for their own defense. Indian-style guerilla tactics (did not fight in the open and did not wear uniforms. Colonial militias served under own captains. No military deference or protocols observed. Resistance to rising taxes. Casual, non-professionals. Methods of Fighting: Military Organization: Military Discipline: Finances: Demeanor: British-American Colonial Tensions Colonials

A He understood colonial concerns. A He offered them a compromise: - colonial loyalty & military cooperation with the British and the British would reimburse colonial assemblies’ costs. - colonial loyalty & military cooperation with the British and the British would reimburse colonial assemblies’ costs. - Lord Loudoun would be removed. - Lord Loudoun would be removed. RESULTS?  Colonial morale (self- esteem) improved by  William Pitt Becomes Foreign Minister

* By 1761, Spain has become an ally of France  The Tide Turns for England

France --> lost her Canadian possessions, most of her empire in India, and claims to lands east of the Mississippi River. Spain --> got all French lands west of the Mississippi River, New Orleans, but lost Florida to England. England --> got all French lands in Canada, exclusive rights to Caribbean slave trade, and commercial dominance in India  Treaty of Paris

North America in 1763

1. Britain increased its colonial empire in the Americas. 2. Britain greatly enlarged its debt. 3. Britain’s contempt (bad feelings) for the colonials created bitter feelings. Therefore, England felt that a major reorganization of its American Empire was necessary! What were effects of the War on Britain?

1. The war united them against a common enemy for the first time. 2. The war created a socializing experience for all the colonials who participated (people learned how to work together. 3. The war created bitter feelings towards the British that would only intensify. Effects of the War on the American Colonials

1763  Pontiac’s Rebellion (Ottawan chief’s attempt to fight new British policies of leaving N.A. to own devices). Fort Detroit British gave “gifts” of smallpox-infected blankets to “Indians” from Fort Pitt. The Aftermath of the War: Tensions Along the Frontier

Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763)

British  Proclamation Line of BACKLASH!BACKLASH! The British government forbade American settlers from living west of the line in order to keep good relations with the “Indians” who lived west of the line. This angered Americans.

The British Government passed laws to prevent smuggling by Americans who wanted to avoid paying taxes on goods:  James Otis Jr.’s (lawyer, no taxation without representation) case  Protection of a citizen’s private property must be held in higher regard than a British law.  Otis lost his case so British law and custom had equal weight. A 1761  writs of assistance (ability to enter a home without permission) Rethinking The British Empire after the French and Indian War

1. Sugar Act Currency Act Stamp Act Quartering Act Laws passed in the American colonies to generate money to get Britain out of debt created by the French and Indian War from

Real Whigs (Revolutionaries) Q-> What was the extent of Parliament’s authority over the colonies?? Absolute? OR Limited? Q-> How could the colonies give or withhold consent for parliamentary legislation when they did not have representation in that body?? Theories of Representation

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