Chapter 4: Respiration aka: Getting energy from the cake

Think of Photosynthesis like baking a cake. The plant takes the raw materials (CO 2 & H 2 O), puts them together using energy (heat), & synthesize the cake. In order to get the energy out of the cake, the plant & us must ingest it (eat), digest it (break it down into its monomers) & then we must “burn it” to release the energy stored in the bonds of the cake. THIS IS RESPIRATION Relationship between photosynthesis and Respiration video

How do we get the energy out of the food that we have consumed?

Cellular Respiration ATP Glucose Is the process by which organisms obtain the energy that they need by releasing the chemical energy (ATP) stored in nutrients (Glucose) Aerobic  It can occur with oxygen: Aerobic Anaerobic  Or without oxygen: Anaerobic

The route from food to energy Then oxygen With oxygen Aerobic Respiration Makes a lot of ATP Without oxygen Fermentation Alcoholic Lactic Acid Glycolysis Goes through Glycolysis Not a lot of ATP made GLUCOSE GLUCOSE

Two Types of Respiration Aerobic Respirationneeds oxygen Aerobic Respiration – needs oxygen to release the energy in food C 6 H 12 O 6 6O 2 6CO 2 6 H 2 O38 ATP C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 6CO H 2 O + 38 ATP Anaerobic Respiration without the need of oxygen. Anaerobic Respiration – can release the energy from food without the need of oxygen. (Some bacteria & yeast) C 6 H 12 O 6 2CO 2 2 Ethyl alcohol2 ATP C 6 H 12 O 6 2CO Ethyl alcohol + 2 ATP C 6 H 12 O 6 Lactic acid 2ATP C 6 H 12 O 6 Lactic acid + 2ATP

Glycolysis All cells begin with the Anaerobic phase of Respiration called Glycolysis 1.Glycolysis Glen GlycolysisGlenGlycolysisGlen Glucose Pyruvate Glucose (6 Carbons) is broken down into 2 Pyruvate(3 Carbons each) molecules but needed 2 ATP (activation energy) to get the reaction started Produces 4 ATP, netting 2 ATP 2 ATP  2ADP + P 2ATP

After Glycolysis, if no oxygen is present, then, Anaerobic Respiration occurs Fermentation Also known as Fermentation cytoplasm Occurs in the cytoplasm of yeast & some bacterial cells Since the organism are very small & simple, they do not need much ATP. 2 ATP per molecule of glucose is plenty. Cytoplasm

Fermentation The 2 Pyruvic Acids will break down into: 1. Alcohol + CO 2 (if yeast & some bacteria) C 6 H 12 O 6 2CO Ethanol + 2 ATP 2. Lactic Acid (some bacteria) C 6 H 12 O 6 Lactic acid + 2ATP Both forms will not produce any more ATP molecules

Uses for Fermentation Yeast & some bacteria Alcoholic Fermentation is used in baking, wine making & brewing industry Bacteria Lactic acid production is used in cheese processing, buttermilk, sour cream, yogurt, sauerkraut, pickles. The souring of dairy products is actually the production of lactic acid by anaerobic bacteria

Aerobic Respiration Occurs in the Mitochondria of Eukaryotic cells Yields more ATP per molecule of glucose (38 molecules) of ATP/Glucose Occurs in 3 basic steps: 1.Glycolysis 2.Krebs Cycle 3.Electron Transport chain

1.Glycolysis glucose 2 Pyruvate cytoplasm Using 2 ATP as activation energy, a glucose molecule is broken down into 2 Pyruvate molecules. 4 ATP are produced, leaving 2 ATP netted Occurs in cytoplasm (just like anaerobic respiration) Krebs CycleMitochondria2 pyruvates 6CO 2 2.Krebs Cycle – in the Mitochondria, the 2 pyruvates are broken down, releasing 6CO 2 & producing 2 ATP 3.Electron Transport ChainOxygen 3.Electron Transport Chain – Oxygen (the final electron acceptor) combines with hydrogen to produce WATER 34 ATP are produced

Krebs Cycle – releases all the Carbons, Hydrogens and oxygen from the Pyruvate molecules 2 Carbon Dioxides Carbon Dioxide

Energy Tally from Aerobic Respiration 34 ATP 38 ATP

Muscle Fatigue You are a big organism & need a lot of ATP to keep you fueled. At times though, you may not be breathing correctly & therefore, aren’t taking in enough O 2 to remain an aerobic organism. During this time, your body (muscle cells) convert to anaerobic respiration to give you some ATP. Hey 2 ATP are better than none! Lactic acid Lactic acid accumulates in your muscle cells, acid burns the cells, causing you to cramp up & thus stop your activity & breathe normally Feel the burn!!!! Feel the burn!!!!

Section 4.4 Review—Part A Where does glycolysis take place? What goes into glycolysis? What comes out of glycolysis? When does fermentation occur? What are the two different types of fermentation? Cytoplasm of all cells IN: GlucoseOUT: 2 ATP & 2, 3 carbon molecules called pyruvate When oxygen is not present Lactic acid FermentationAlcoholic Fermentation

Aerobic Respiration Occurs _______glycolysis Only in __ Requires _________ _________ process Takes place inside the _____________ the presence of oxygen Aerobic after oxygen Mitochondria

Where does aerobic respiration happen? In the mitochondria! _______________ are organelles that convert the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use Mitochondria

2 Main steps of Aerobic Respiration 1.Kreb’s cycle o Pyruvate is broken down and released as ________ in a series of energy- extracting reactions 2 ATP are generated CO 2

2 Main steps of Aerobic Respiration 2.__________ ___________ ________ o Uses high energy electrons from the Kreb’s cycle to convert ADP into ATP o _____________ are produced Electron transport chain 34 ATP

Section 4.4 Review—Part B 1.Where does aerobic respiration take place? 2.What goes into the Kreb’s cycle? What comes out? 3.What goes into electron transport? What comes out? 4.How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration related? Mitochondria IN: 3 carbon moleculeOUT: ATP, CO 2 IN: OxygenOUT: Water and ATP!!! Reactants of one are basically the products of the other

1.What are the 3 stages of Cellular Respiration, and how many ATP’s are created with each? 2.What is the “fuel” that allows cellular respiration to begin? 3.How is Glycolysis different than Krebs and E.T.C.? 4.Why do humans not depend as much on Glycolysis for energy? 5.Muscle pain after a workout is a result of the buildup of what substance? RESPIRATION REVIEW Glycolosis -2 ATP Kreb’s Cycle – 2 ATP Electron Transport Chain – 34 ATP Glucose Glycolosis take place in the cytoplasm. Krebs and ETC in the mitochondria Only produces 2 ATP Lactic Acid

Consider a person who runs a 5K. Afterward, he is breathing heavily because he is oxygen deficient. He is complaining of weak legs and is sweating profusely. 6. Because he is low in oxygen, what will accumulate in his muscles? 7. Breathing heavily allows more oxygen to be taken in. What is the role of oxygen? 8. Breathing heavily also allows excess CO2 to be removed. What process forms the CO2? 9. Sweat helps keep the body cool. How are sweating and ATP related? 10. What is the waste product of E.T.C.? 11. What do you think the FIRST thing this runner will do after he finishes the race? RESPIRATION SCENERIO Lactic acid_ Pick up hydrogen atoms Krebs Cycle ATP produces heat and sweat cools the body Water Drink water

Light energy  chemical energy Chloroplasts Water + CO 2 + Light Oxygen + Sugar Water + CO 2 + ATP Oxygen + Sugar Water + CO 2 + Light Oxygen + Sugar Water + CO 2 + ATP Cytoplasm + Mitochondria Sugar  ATP

What is the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration? The reactants of one reaction are the products of the other reaction. They are the reverse processes of each other Respiration C 6 H 12 O 6 6O 2 6CO 2 6 H 2 OENERGY C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 6CO H 2 O + ENERGY Photosynthesis Photosynthesis