The Age of Exploration

2 Economic Developments Trade routes expanded Europeans developed a taste for Asian goods The development of banking The Royal Exchange, London

3 New Technology Ships Caravels Ship technology Armaments

4 New Technology Navigation Astrolabe Compass Practical knowledge of winds and currents Astrolabe

5 Motives for Exploration SEARCH FOR RESOURCES AND LAND Oceanic Resources Wheat Sugar

6 Motives for Exploration TRADE CONTACTS Asia Africa Other lands Spice market

7 Motives for Exploration MISSIONARY ACTIVITY

8 Motives for Exploration NationalPersonal Columbus lands in America GLORY

9 Early Endeavors: The Portuguese The Portuguese began the era of European exploration The Portuguese were dependent on the seas Ocean access helped Portugal

10 Prince Henry the Navigator (1394–1460) Son of the king of Portugal Had been a crusader Investigated possible trade opportunities in Africa

11 Prince Henry’s Exploration Originally explored Africa Established navigational school Motivation Henry’s navigation school

12 Early Portuguese Exploration: Africa West African coast Trade developed Portuguese fort on the African coast

13 Early Portuguese Slave Trade Began around 1443 Pope Nicholas V sanctioned the slave trade Local slave trade already existed Sugar plantations Transporting slaves

14 Bartolomeu Dias Traveled the coast of Africa Around the tip of southern Africa in 1488 Returned to Portugal Dias rounding the Cape of Good Hope

15 Vasco da Gama 1498, sailed for India Reached India Sea route Da Gama in IndiaPortrait of da Gama

16 Northern Europeans in Asia Latecomers to Asia Established East India Companies The English, French, and Dutch 18th-century French map of Southeast Asia

17 The Role of Trading Companies Essential Elements Joint-stock Private endeavors Granted charters

18 Discovering a New World Empires in the New World—the result of a mistake Consequences

19 Christopher Columbus Italian navigator Sought patron for his exploration idea Sailed under the title “Admiral of the Seas”

20 Columbus’s Journey Sailed west Found land in the Caribbean Believed he was in Asia

21 Amerigo Vespucci Early life Exploration Naming the New World

22 Hernando Cortes Conquered the Aztec Empire (1519–1521) Defeated Montezuma Governor of Mexico

23 Francisco Pizarro Conquered the Incas Held Atahualpa, the Inca ruler, prisoner Once he controlled the area, he exploited the Incas

24 Spanish Explorers in the New World: North America North America Juan Ponce de Leon Hernando de Soto Francisco Vasquez de Coronado Alvar Nunez Cabeza da Vaca

25 Ferdinand Magellan Explored the coast of South America Entered Pacific Ocean Magellan’s route

26 Magellan Difficult Pacific journey Philippines and the Indies Juan Sebastian del Cano

27 Avoiding Conflicts in the New World Portuguese and Spanish colonize New World Treaty of Tordesillas European spheres of influence

28 The Spanish in the New World Built an enormous empire in the Americas Governmental Administration Royal Administrators Council of the Indies Vice- royalties

29 Religion and the Spanish Empire Christian missionaries Christian missionaries and Native American rights

30 Social Classes & the Spanish Mestizos Native Americans Creoles Spanish

31 The French in North America Samuel de Champlain Furs Jesuit missionaries Champlain in Quebec

32 Further French Colonization Mississippi and Louisiana New France remained small La Salle in Mississippi

33 English Exploration “Northwest Passage” to Asia Henry VIII Failure to find Northwest Passage Henry VIII

34 English Colonization in North America Slow colonization The 13 colonies Causes of migration

35 Colonial Rivalries Although much of the conflict was between the Europeans and the lands they conquered, there was also conflict between the Europeans over colonial interests. Trade Conflict Colonial Conflicts

36 The Columbian Exchange Plants, animals, and foodstuffs Migrations and population shifts Disease

37 Columbian Exchange: Plants and Animals From the Americas: PotatoesPumpkin CoffeeMaize CocoaSquash PeanutsHominy PineappleTomatoes ChicleSorghum QuinineAvocados AlpacaLlamas

38 Columbian Exchange: Plants and Animals From Europe: WheatPigs CauliflowerChickens RadishesCattle PeasHorse CabbageSheep Clover

39 Columbian Exchange: European Diseases European diseases Smallpox, measles, influenza, and whooping cough Smallpox victim

40 Triangular Trade How it worked European supremacy French seaport at the height of mercantilism