Common Life Characteristics Biology : “the study of life” -their relationships to their environment -their relationships to each other -organisms

Organism: an individual capable of carrying out life processes (re- production, energy use, synthesis) Ex: ants, trees, humans, bacteria

Community: a naturally occurring group of interacting organisms in a certain defined area. Colony: a homogeneous group of organisms within a community. Ex: Forest community, coral reef community, desert community

Examples: - a bee hive within a forest -a school of fish within the coral reef community -an ant hill -a colony of penguins in the Antarctic

Community Colonies

Food/Energy Relationships -The energy is used for life functions, such as repair, growth, reproduction, and movement. -Energy is obtained in the form of food. -All organisms need a constant supply of energy to live.

Organisms that produce their own food are called PRODUCERS or AUTOTROPHS. -Producers are all forms of green plants, from algae to trees. -Producers capture sunlight energy and convert it into food.

Producers use the process of PHOTOSYNTHESIS to capture the suns energy. Water Carbon Dioxide +Suns energy =Sugar and Oxygen

-Consumers depend directly or indirectly on Producers for all of their food. -Consumers utilize the energy in the food that they obtain. Organisms that need to obtain their food are called CONSUMERS or HETEROTROPHS.

Types of Consumers -animals that eat both plants and meat are called OMNIVORES -animals that eat only meat are called CARNIVORES -animals that eat only plants are called HERBIVORES

Animals that hunt other animals are called PREDATORS. Organisms that take their food from a dead host or its waste are SAPROPHYTES or DECOMPOSERS. Organisms that take their food from a living HOST are called PARASITES.

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration (it’s a cycle) Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Oxygen and Sugar Carbon Dioxide and Water

Uses of Energy Review:What are some life functions? Sugar is “burned” via cellular respiration, to release energy needed for various life functions that need it. The “fuel” for all life is made by producers, in the form of sugar.

1)Growth and Development Growth is the increase in the amount of living material in an organism. Ex: a plant growing new leaves a baby growing larger

Development is a series of changes that an organism goes through as it matures. Ex: seed sprout plant newborn adolescent adult

Growth and Development often occur at the same time, and are extremely interrelated. Ex: growth of a plant is Coordinated with its development into a mature individual.

Growth and Development can also occur individually, and not be related. Ex: aging of human being not necessarily tied to more growth.

Growth Development Use this diagram to list things that are common to both, or are unique to each.

2) Homeostasis -the steady state of internal operation regardless of external changes. Ex: Mammal body temperature water content of organisms heart rate disease resistance

3) Reproduction -the process where organisms make new copies of themselves. Reproduction takes 2 main forms: a) Sexual reproduction: the combination of sex cells from a male and a female to form a new individual (combining genes).

b) Asexual reproduction: the reproduction of an individual without genetic recombination between individuals. Ex: Cloning, budding of plants Bacterial fission

Sexual Reproduction Asexual Reproduction Use this diagram to list things that are common to both, or are unique to each.