+ 9/11: A Terrible Event on American Soil (Source: worldpittsburgh.wordpress.com)

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Presentation transcript:

+ 9/11: A Terrible Event on American Soil (Source: worldpittsburgh.wordpress.com)

+ Nirav Shah G/T Independent Research Howard High School Dr. James A. Milke University of Maryland, College Park Structural Fireproofing & The World Trade Center Towers: Preventing Another Collapse (Source: 911research.wtc7.net)

+ Agenda WTC Towers and 9/11 Spray-Applied Fire Resistant Material (SFRM) National Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST) Investigation Primary Analysis of NIST Report Discussion Conclusions

+ WTC Towers The WTC Complex: WTC 1 (the north tower) and WTC 2 (the south tower) Exterior columns and a rectangular service core Floor Trusses Lead structural engineer: Leslie Robertson (Source: science.howstuffworks.com)

+ 9/11 Two out of several terrorist attacks Boeing 767 passenger airlines WTC 1 – 8:46 am, Collapse: 102 minutes later WTC 2 – 9:03 am, Collapse: 56 minutes later (Source:

+ National Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST) Investigation National Construction Safety Team Act The Investigation: October of 2002 to November of 2005 The Report: December 1 st, 2005 NIST NCSTAR 1-6 (Source:

+ Spray-Applied Fire Resistant Material (SFRM) Building Code Requirements Selection of SFRM (BLAZE SHIELD Type DC/F) Maintenance of SFRM (Source:

+ Spray-Applied Fire Resistant Material (SFRM) Thickness Thermophysical Properties Adhesive and Cohesive Strength of SFRM (Source:

+ Example of Flaws in SFRM Application (Source:

+ Fire Resistance Testing - Loading a floor slab with an applied load to imitate a “maximum load condition” - The load: concrete weight and container of water Test #1Full Scale (35ft)Restrained ¾ inch SFRM Test #2Full Scale (35ft)Unrestrained¾ inch SFRM Test #3Reduced Scale (17ft) Restrained¾ inch SFRM Test #4Reduced Scale (17ft) Restrained½ inch SFRM

+ Fire Resistance Testing Results Test #1 – Full Scale - Restrained – ¾ inch SFRM: 1.5 hrs Test #2 – Full Scale – Unrestrained – ¾ inch SFRM: 2 hrs Test #3 – Reduced Scale – Restrained – ¾ inch SFRM: 2 hrs Test #4 – Reduced Scale – Restrained – ½ inch SFRM: 0.75 hrs

+ Important Facts to Note No evidence of the technical basis for the selection of the SFRM thickness and type No evidence of fire resistance tests of the WTC floor system An obvious correlation between the SFRM thickness and the fire endurance rating Class 1A vs. Class 1B Fire Protection

+ Conclusions The collapses were inevitable: time could only be saved The SFRM was not established to prevent a collapse in this case Established to save lives The engineers did whatever they could accomplish as far as providing fire protection

+ Thank You! Any Questions? (Source:

+ Works Cited "Asbestos Fireproofing & Fire Prevention Materials." Asbestos. The Mesothelioma Center, 2 July Web. 21 Nov Web. Banovic, S.W., and T.A. Siewert. "Failure of Welded Floor Truss Connections from the Exterior Wall during Collapse of the World Trade Center Towers." American Welding Society: n. pag. AWS. Web. 15 Oct Craven, Jackie. "Why the World Trade Center Towers Fell on September 11." About.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Sept Eagar, Thomas W., and Musso, Christopher. "Why Did The World Trade Center Collapse? Science, Engineering, and Speculation." The Member Journal of The Minerals, Metals, & Materials Society (2001): TMS. Web. 15 Sept