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2 Classification of organisms

3 There are 13 billion known species of organisms There are 13 billion known species of organisms This is only 5% of all organisms that ever lived!!!!! This is only 5% of all organisms that ever lived!!!!! New organisms are still being found and identified New organisms are still being found and identified Species of Organisms

4 What is it? Classification is the arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on their similarities Also called taxonomy

5 Why classify organism? Accurate & uniform names Accurate & uniform names Prevents misnomers (mistakes) (jellyfish are NOT fish) Prevents misnomers (mistakes) (jellyfish are NOT fish) Uses same language (Latin or some Greek) Uses same language (Latin or some Greek) Sea”horse”??

6 Confusion in Using Different Languages for Names

7 Latin Names are Understood by EVERYONE!!!

8 The first taxonomist Aristotle, 2000 years ago Aristotle, 2000 years ago divided organisms into plants & animals divided organisms into plants & animals subdivided them by their habitat -land, sea, or air subdivided them by their habitat -land, sea, or air

9 Father of Taxonomy Carolus Linnaeus 1707 – 1778 Carolus Linnaeus 1707 – th century Classified organisms by their structures Developed the modern system of naming called binomial nomenclature Developed the modern system of naming called binomial nomenclature (2-word naming system for each species) (2-word naming system for each species)

10 Binomial Nomenclature Genus + species (specific epithet) Genus + species (specific epithet) Latin or Greek Latin or Greek Italicized in print Italicized in print Capitalize genus, but NOT species Capitalize genus, but NOT species Underline when writing Underline when writing Turdus migratorius American Robin

11 Binomial Nomenclature

12 So how do we group organisms? Taxon ( taxa-plural) is a category into which related organisms are placed Taxon ( taxa-plural) is a category into which related organisms are placed There is a hierarchy (order) for these groups from broadest to most specific There is a hierarchy (order) for these groups from broadest to most specific

13 Hierarchy of Taxonomic Groups Domain (3) Kingdom (6) Phylum (called Division for plants) Class Order Family Genus Species BROADEST TAXON

14 King Phillip Came Over For Grape Soup!

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16 Bellringer Tue, 03/17 1. Felis catus is the species name for a cat! Felis is the _________ catus is the specific _________ 2. Rattus norvegicus is the species name for a __________. Guess! Use your head! Reminders: HW #8 due Fri, LAB FEE anytime, Nice job on quiz!

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18 Archaeabacteria live in harsh environments and may represent the first cells to have evolved. Sewage treatment plants, thermal vents, etc. 1. Kingdom Archeabacteria

19 Eubacteria, some of which cause human diseases, are present in almost all habitats on earth. Many bacteria are important environmentally and commercially. Live in the intestines of animals 2. Kingdom Eubacteria

20 The rest…all eukaryotic The rest…all eukaryotic 3. Protista (protozoans, algae…) 4. Fungi (mushrooms, yeasts …) 5. Plantae (multicellular plants) 6. Animalia (multicellular animals)

21 Kingdom Protista Unicellular (most) and multicellular Unicellular (most) and multicellular Food: autotrophic or heteroprophic Food: autotrophic or heteroprophic

22 Kingdom Fungi Multicellular, except yeast Multicellular, except yeast Absorptive heterotrophs (digest food outside their body) Absorptive heterotrophs (digest food outside their body) Cell walls Cell walls

23 Kingdom Plantae Multicellular Multicellular Autotrophic Autotrophic Photosynthesis Photosynthesis Cell walls Cell walls

24 Kingdom Animalia Multicellular Multicellular Ingestive heterotrophs (eat and digest food inside their bodies) Ingestive heterotrophs (eat and digest food inside their bodies)

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29 Bellringer Wed, 03/25 1. What is a cladogram? Look it up if you don’t know! 2. Take out your dissection sheets and finish questions on back! 3. Pass down your bellringer sheets!!! Reminders: HW #9 due TOM, LAB FEE anytime, Nice job on dissection! Quiz TOM!!!

30 What is a Cladogram? Diagram showing how organisms are related based on shared characteristics such as feathers, hair, or scales

31 Primate Cladogram

32 Dichotomous Keying Used to identify organisms Used to identify organisms Characteristics given in pairs Characteristics given in pairs How? Read both characteristics and either go to another set of characteristics OR identify the organism How? Read both characteristics and either go to another set of characteristics OR identify the organism

33 Example of Dichotomous Key What is the identity of my organism? Yes or no to the following questions until you STOP: 1a Tentacles present – Go to 2 1b Tentacles absent – Go to 3 2a Eight Tentacles – Octopus 2b More than 8 tentacles – 3 3a Tentacles hang down – go to 4 3b Tentacles upright–Sea Anemone 4a Balloon-shaped body–Jellyfish 4b Body NOT balloon-shaped - 5

34 Dichotomous Key