4-1: Building blocks of Social Structure

Focus Questions 4-1 How might factors such as the mass media and popular entertainment influence American Norms and values?

Essential Questions What are the two major components of social structure? How do these two components of social structure affect human interactions?

Social Structure The way in which society is organized into predictable relationships

Social Interaction & Reality Human beings interpret or define each other’s actions The ability to define social reality reflects a group’s power within society

Defining & Reconstructing Reality Negotiated Order Negotiated Order is a social structure that derives its existence from the social interactions through which people define and redefine character People reshape reality by negotiating changes in patterns of social interaction Negotiation is the attempt to reach agreement with others concerning the same objective.

Major Components of Structure Role The behavior expected of someone occupying a particular status. Can have more than one role simultaneously Status A socially defined position in a group in a society, which has attached to it one or more roles A person holds more than one status simultaneously Examples: President Daughter Student Neighbor

Social Statuses Ascribed and Achieved Status Master Status Ascribed = status you are born with Achieved = status you earn Master Status Master = status that dominates others and determines a person’s general position in society

Social Roles Role Conflict is the challenge of occupying two social positions simultaneously Role strain describes the difficulties that result from the differing demands and expectations associated with the same social position Role exit describes the process of disengagement from a role that is central to one’s identity, and the establishments of a new role.

STATUS EXAMPLES OF ROLE EXAMPLES OF CONFLICT/STRAIN Firefighter Put out fires, save lives, wears a uniform Voluntarily puts self in danger, but has loved ones who need him/her Mother Provide food, shelter, nurture, discipline Fatigue and long shifts make household tasks and interactions difficult PTA President Run Meetings, recruit new members, plan activities Has trouble getting members to attend and follow through on promises.

STATUS EXAMPLES OF ROLE EXAMPLES OF CONFLICT/STRAIN STUDENT

4-2: Types of Social Interaction

Focus Question

Essential Questions How are culture and society related to human interaction? How do individuals and groups use accommodation to settle disputes?

Exchange Most basic and common form of social interaction Dating, family life, friendship, and politics all involve exchange Reciprocity is the basis for exchange: The idea that if you do something for someone, that person owes you something in return

Exchange Theory DEFINTION: a theory that holds that people are motivated by self-interests in their interactions with others. People do things primarily for rewards. Behavior that is rewarded tends to be repeated. Assignment: Reflect back on your answer from the FOCUS Question. Are there any examples that could be explained through this theory. If not, think of an example and be prepared to share.

How is the image above an example of S.E.T.? SET is not all about money or goods or commodities it can also be applied to relationships. In this scenario she feels that the man can be changed to compliment her weak areas, but she will also use him as standard to which she will find better or may find better in the future if indeed the man cannot be changed. Ex: I cook dinner, you wash the dishes. I clean the kitchen, you clean the bathrooms. “Compromise” in relationships as it is usually referred to. How is the image above an example of S.E.T.?

Competition DEFINTION: an interaction that occurs when two or more people/groups oppose each other to achieve a goal that only one can attain Common in Western Society Basis behind capitalism and democracy If it follows accepted rules of conduct, most sociologists view it as a positive means of motivating people to perform the roles society asks of them . Negatively, competition can lead to psychological stress, a lack of cooperation in social relationships, inequality, and even conflict.

Cooperation DEFINTION: interaction that occurs when two or more persons/groups work together to achieve a goal that will benefit many people. No group can complete its task or achieve its goals without cooperation from its members Competition may be used along with cooperation to motivate members to work harder for the group. Assignment: Think of groups with which you have been involved. Have they ever used competition along with cooperation? What are some examples?

Accommodation DEFINTION: a state of balance between cooperation and conflict. accommodation helps to ensure social stability It can take a number of different forms Compromise Truce Mediation Arbitration

4-3: Types of Society

Essential Questions What types of societies exist in the world today? What roles do individuals play in these models of group systems?

Focus Questions In your opinion, what is the “division of labor”? As time goes on, societies change and advance. Using your knowledge of history, identity and describe 3 different types of societies.

Important Definitions Group A set of people who interact on the basis of shared expectations and who possess some degree of commons identity Subsistence Strategies Ways a society uses technology to provide for the needs of its members ** There are three types of soceities**

Pre-Industrial Society Food production through the use of human and animal labor is the main economic activity Subdivided according to technology and method of production Hunter-Gatherer Pastoral (free range grazing cattle or sheep) Horticultural Slash-and-Burn Agricultural Barter system

Hunter Gatherer Constantly Moving in search of food Do not build permanent villages Limited artifacts Rarely exceed 100 people Status fairly equal Family is the main social unit

Pastoral Rely on domesticated herds Nomadic: moving herds from pasture to pasture Larger populations due to food reliability Food surpluses result in division of labor Trade and inequality emerge Property is passed between generations

Horticultural Food grown in garden plots Slash and burn techniques develop Simple tools Move to new land when land becomes barren 30-2,000 people Similar technology and social structure as Pastoral

Agricultural Animals are used to cultivate land Increased technology allows to plant more crops Irrigation increases crop yield Large crop yield support large/permanent societies Increased specialization leads to cities Wealth becomes more concentrated Barter system emerges

The Affects of Industrialization Preindustrial Industrial Emphasis is food production Economic activities in the home Produced entire product Family is the primary socialization and education agent Social status is fairly fixed Emphasis is manufactured goods Economic activities in the factory Division of labor Education and socialization takes place outside of the family Increased potential to change status

Postindustrial Society Emphasis is on the provision of information and services Standard of living increases for much of the population as wages increase Strong emphasis on roles of science and education Technological advances are viewed as the key to future prosperity

Sociology and Society Preindustrial Societies Industrial Societies Mechanical Solidarity: hen people share values and tasks they become united Gemeinshaft: most people know each other. Activities center on the family and community. Strong sense of solidarity Industrial Societies Organic Solidarity: with increased specialization, relationships become less personal and people are less able to provide for their own need Gesellchaft: Relationships are impersonal, temporary, and based on need rather than emotion. Values are weak and individual goals are more important than group goals.

Assignment: Diary Entries Write a series of six (6) creative diary entries that Illustrates how a teenager might spend his or her day for each of the six types of society Hunting and Gathering Societies Pastoral Societies Horticultural Societies Agricultural Societies Industrial Societies Post-Industrial Societies

4-4: Groups within Society

Focus Question Define “group”

Vocabulary & Essential Question EQ: How are culture and society related to human interaction? EQ: How do sociologists define the term group? EQ: What are the major features of primary and secondary groups? EQ: What purposes do groups fulfill? Dyad Reference Group Triad In-Group Formal Group Out-Group Informal Group Electronic Community Primary Group Social Network Secondary Group

What is a group? Definition: A set of people who interact on the basis of shared expectations and who possess some degree of common identity The Four Features of a Group 1. 2 or more people involved 2. interaction among group members 3. shared expectation 4. sense of common identity Assignment: Identify 5 different examples of groups

Aggregates (NOT a group) Definition: When people gather in the same place at the same time, but lack organization or lasting patterns of interaction Examples: Passengers on an airplane or a line to buy tickets to a concert Social Categories: a means of classifying people based on shared trait or characteristic Examples: Students, women, teenagers, left-handed

Varying Features of a Group Size Time Organization

Dyad Triad 2 members 3 members Each member has direct control over the group’s existence Decision making can be difficult if they don’t agree 3 members Group takes on life of its own Cant be disbanded by one member Tie breaker makes decisions easier

Formal Group Informal Group Structure, goals, and activities are clearly defined There is not an official structure or established rules of conduct

Secondary Group Primary Group Interaction is temporary and personal Casual and limited in personal involvement Personal importance based on function performed Individual easily replaced Partial self shared Primary Group Small group that interacts over a long period Communication deep and intense Intimate/face to face Entire self shared

In Group A group that a person belongs to and identifies with Separate themselves through use of symbols See themselves as (+) and out groups (-) Compete with out-groups Out Group A group that a person does not belong to or identify with

Reference Group Definition: Any group with whom individuals identify and whose attitudes and values they adopt groups chosen are important because they can have positive and negative effects as a person grows older, reference groups can change

Assignment: using the different types of groups, label each of these pictures using as many applicable terms as possible

Electronic Communities & Social Networks Electronic Communities demonstrate behaviors similar to primary groups – argue, engage in intellectual discussions, share intimate details, gossip, play games, and flirt Social Networks: a web of relationships formed by the sum total of a person’s interaction with others Unlike a group, there is not a common identity Provide interaction and career advancement Can provide support during stressful periods.

Group Functions Must define boundaries for belonging Need to set goals, assign tasks, and make decisions Need to control members’ behavior – conformity Must select leaders (people who influence the attitudes and opinions of others) Instrumental leaders: task oriented Expressive leaders: emotion-oriented Groups need both to be successful