Shapes of Complex compounds Author Dhruv Joshi Department of Chemistry, IITB This tool will help the user visualize shapes of different complex compounds (depending on the number of d-orbitals filled) in an easy way

Objectives: After interacting with this Learning object; you will be able to: identify the kind of shape a molecule might take if it undergoes a particular hybridization. predict the shape the molecule might acquire given the formula of compound. predict the formula of compound given the shape of the molecule.

Master layout or diagram Make a schematic diagram of the concept Explain the animator about the beginning and ending of the process. Draw image big enough for explaining. In above image, identify and label different components of the process/phenomenon. (These are like characters in a film)‏ Illustrate the basic flow of action by using arrows. Use BOLD lines in the diagram, (minimum 2pts.)‏ In the slide after that, provide the definitions of ALL the labels used in the diagram INSTRUCTIONS SLIDE

Master Layout degrees sp Hybridizations complex structure

Interactivity option: Step No: SHAPES OF TRANSITION METAL COMPLEXES SELECT THE HYBRIDIZATION: The shape of these complexes is linear, since the hybridization is sp, caused by head-on overlap of one s and one p orbital. Common example is [Ag(NH 3 ) 2 ] + Audio Narration/ Text to be displayed Chose a hybridization from the drop down menu to see the complex compound. Drag, drop and rotate the compound within the animation area Options: sp sp2 sp3 sp2d sp3d sp3d2 sp3d3 Questions and Options If sp is chosen then show this shape The red circle in the center and the two blue circles on the sides in a straight line. The angle shown by the white arrow is 180° After the learner drags, drops and rotates (3D) the structure it looks same as original image. _____Drop down Instruction to the animatorsBoundary limits Interactivity type T1: sp Hybridizations complex structure

Master Layout sp2 Hybridizations complex structure TOP VIEW SIDE VIEW (BLUE SPHERE HIDDEN BEHIND THE RED SPHERE) ‏ Original 120 degrees

Interactivity option: Step No: SHAPES OF TRANSITION METAL COMPLEXES SELECT THE HYBRIDIZATION: Boundary limits Chose a hybridization from the drop down menu to see the complex compound. Drag, drop and rotate the compound within the animation area Options: sp sp2 sp3 sp2d sp3d sp3d2 sp3d3 Questions and Options If sp2 is chosen then show the ‘original’ shape The shape is three spheres (shown in in blue) being connected to a red sphere by three rods. The angle between the blue circle rods is 120°. The user is allowed to move this object in 3-dimensions by dragging, dropping, rotating with the mouse. The shape of these complexes is PLANAR, since the hybridization is sp2, caused by head-on overlap of one s and two p orbital. Common example is [HgI 3 ] + Drop down Instruction to the animatorsAudio Narration/ Text to be displayed Interactivity type TOP VIEW SIDE VIEW (BLUE SPHERE HIDDEN BEHIND THE RED SPHERE) ‏ Original T1: sp2 Hybridizations complex structure

Master Layout sp3 Hybridizations complex structure Original BOTTOM VIEW (RED SPHERE HIDDEN BEHIND THE BLUE SPHERE) TOP VIEW (BLUE SPHERE HIDDEN BEHIND THE RED SPHERE) ‏

Interactivity option: Step No: SHAPES OF TRANSITION METAL COMPLEXES SELECT THE HYBRIDIZATION: The shape of these complexes is tetrahedral. Common example is [FeBr 4 ] 2- Audio Narration/ Text to be displayed Chose a hybridization from the drop down menu to see the complex compound. Drag, drop and rotate the compound within the animation area Options: sp sp2 sp3 sp2d sp3d sp3d2 Sp3d3 Questions and Options If sp3 is chosen then show the ‘original’ shape The three blue circles are at the end points of a triangle. the red circle is in the center of the triangle. The fourth blue one is at an angle of 90 degrees to the red circle if seen from the top angle. The line joining the fourth blue circle and the red circle is longer than the other joining lines by 1 cm. The user is allowed to move this object in 3- dimensions by dragging, dropping and rotating with the mouse. _____Drop down Instruction to the animators Boundary limits Interactivity type Original BOTTOM VIEW (RED SPHERE HIDDEN BEHIND THE BLUE SPHERE) TOP VIEW (BLUE SPHERE HIDDEN BEHIND THE RED SPHERE) ‏ T1: sp3 Hybridizations complex structure

Master Layout sp2d Hybridizations complex structure Original SIDE VIEW (BLUE SPHERES HIDDEN BEHIND BLUE SPHERES) ‏ TOP AND BOTTOM VIEW:

Interactivity option: Step No: SHAPES OF TRANSITION METAL COMPLEXES SELECT THE HYBRIDIZATION: The shape of these complexes is square planar. Common example is [NiCN 4 ] 2- Audio Narration/ Text to be displayed Chose a hybridization from the drop down menu to see the complex compound. Drag, drop and rotate the compound within the animation area Options: sp sp2 sp3 sp2d sp3d sp3d2 sp3d3 Questions and Options If sp2d is chosen then show the original shape. The four blue circles are found on the corners of a square. The red circle in the center. The red circle joins the blue circles with a rod at 90 degree angle. The user is allowed to move this object in 3-dimensions by dragging, dropping and rotating with the mouse. _____Drop down Instruction to the animators Boundary limits Interactivity type Original SIDE VIEW (BLUE SPHERES HIDDEN BEHIND BLUE SPHERES) ‏ TOP AND BOTTOM VIEW: T1: sp2d Hybridizations complex structure

Master Layout sp3d Hybridizations complex structure Original TOP VIEW (BOTTOM BLUE SPHERE HIDDEN BEHIND RED AND BLUE SPHERES) ‏ SIDE VIEW: Blue circles on the triangle

SHAPES OF TRANSITION METAL COMPLEXES SELECT THE HYBRIDIZATION: Interactivity option: Step No: The shape of these complexes is trigonal bipyramidal. Common example is [CuCl 5 ] 3- Audio Narration/ Text to be displayed Chose a hybridization from the drop down menu to see the complex compound. Drag, drop and rotate the compound within the animation area Options: sp sp2 sp3 sp2d sp3d sp3d2 sp3d3 Questions and Options If sp3d is chosen then show the original shape The three blue circles are at the end points of a triangle. The red circle is in the center of the triangle. The angle between the three blue circles of the triangle and the red circle is 120 degrees. The fourth and fifth blue one is at an angle of 90 degrees to the red circle if seen from the top angle. The line joining the fourth and fifth blue circle and the red circle is longer than the other joining lines by 1 cm. The user is allowed to move this object in 3- dimensions by dragging, dropping and rotating with the mouse. _____Drop down Instruction to the animators Boundary limits Interactivity type Original TOP VIEW (BOTTOM BLUE SPHERE HIDDEN BEHIND RED AND BLUE SPHERES) ‏ SIDE VIEW: Blue circles on the triangle T1: sp3d Hybridizations complex structure

Master Layout sp3d2 Hybridizations complex structure TOP VIEW: SIDE VIEW: At 90 degrees Original

Interactivity option: Step No: SHAPES OF TRANSITION METAL COMPLEXES SELECT THE HYBRIDIZATION: The shape of these complexes is octahedral. Common example is [CoNH 3 ] 3+ Audio Narration/ Text to be displayed Chose a hybridization from the drop down menu to see the complex compound. Options: sp sp2 sp3 sp2d sp3d sp3d2 sp3d3 Questions and Options If sp3d2 is chosen then show the original shape. Four blue circles when joined form a square. The red circle forms the center of the square. The four circles of the square join the red circle with a rod each at 90 degree angle. The two blue circles shown by the red arrow are at 90 degrees to the red circle one on top and one below the red circle. The user is allowed to move this object in 3-dimensions by dragging, dropping and rotating with the mouse. _____Drop down Instruction to the animators Boundary limits Interactivity type Original TOP VIEW: SIDE VIEW: At 90 degrees T1: sp3d2 Hybridizations complex structure

Master Layout sp3d3 Hybridizations complex structure Original SIDE VIEW: Top VIEW: At 90 degrees

Interactivity option: Step No: SHAPES OF TRANSITION METAL COMPLEXES SELECT THE HYBRIDIZATION: The shape of these complexes is pentagonal bipyramidal, since the hybridization is sp 3 d 3 Common example is [VCn 7 ] 4- Audio Narration/ Text to be displayed Chose a hybridization from the drop down menu to see the complex compound. Options: sp sp2 sp3 sp2d sp3d sp3d2 sp3d3 Questions and Options If sp3d3 is chosen then show the original shape. Five blue circles when joined form a pentagon. The red circle forms the center of the pentagon. The five circles of the pentagon join the red circle with a rod each at 72 degree angle. The two blue circles shown by the red arrow are at 90 degrees to the red circle one on top and one below the red circle. The user is allowed to move this object in 3-dimensions by dragging, dropping and rotating with the mouse. _____Drop down Instruction to the animators Boundary limits Interactivity type Original SIDE VIEW: Top VIEW: At 90 degrees T1: sp3d3 Hybridizations complex structure

Theory: Complex compound: This is a class of highly coloured compounds, which are usually formed by heavy metals like chromium, copper, iron etc. 2.Ligand: These are usually negatively charged compounds which attach themselves to metals to form complex compounds 3. Central metal: This is the transition metal, which is usually a positively charged atom, around which the ligands arrange themselves to form a complex compound. Based on the charge on the central metal ion, the arrangement of the electrons in the central metal will be affected, which gives rise to a unique “d-subshell” composition. Usually, by knowing the number of electrons in the d-subshell, we can know the shape of the complex compound. Definitions:

Explain the process In this step, use an example to explain the concept. It can be an analogy, a scenario, or an action which explains this concept/process/topic Try to use examples from day-to-day life to make it more clear You have to describe what steps the animator should take to make your concept come alive as a series of moving images. Keep the examples simple to understand, and also to illustrate/animate.

Analogy / Scenario / Action

Stepwise description of process The goal of the IDD is to provide instructions to an animator who is not a expert. You have to describe what steps the animator should take to make your concept come alive as a moving visualization. Use one slide per step. This will ensure clarity of the explanation. Add a image of the step in the box, and the details in the table below the box. You can use any images for reference, but mention about it's copyright status The animator will have to re-draw / re-create the drawings Add more slides as per the requirement of the animation

Step : Look at interactivity slide no 5 on wards Audio NarrationDescription of the actionAction

Animation design Please see the design template provided in the next slide. This is a sample template, and you are free to change as per your design requirements. Try and recreate the sections/subsections as shown in the template

Interactivity and Boundary limits In this section, you will add the ‘Interactivity’ options to the animation. Use the template in the next slide to give the details. Insert the image of the step/s (explained earlier in the Section 3) in the box, and provide the details in the table below. The details of Interactivity could be: Types: Drop down, Slider bar, Data inputs etc. Options: Select one, Multiple selections etc Boundary Limits: Values of the parameters, which won’t show results after a particular point Results: Explain the effect of the interaction in this column Add more slides if necessary

Interactivity option: Step No: Audio Narration/ Text to be displayed Questions and Options Refer to steps in slide no 5 onwards Instruction to the animators Boundary limits Interactivity type

INSTRUCTIONS SLIDE Questionnaire to test the user A small, (5 questions) questionnaire can be created in the next slide, to test the user's comprehension. This can be an objective type questionnaire. It can also be an exercise, based on the concept taught in this animation. Please give the answer key also.

Questionnaire 1. The ‘s’ character of atom A in a compound is 25%. What might be its hybridisation? Answers: a)sp b)sp 2 c) sp 3 d)sp 2 d‏ 2. Is triagonal bipyramidal the only geometry possible if one s orbital, three p and one d orbital interact? a) yesb)may be c)no d)‏ cant say

Questionnaire 3. If answer to Q2 is ‘c’ what other geometry is possible a) square pyramid b) no other geometry possiblec) pentagonal planard)‏ sufficient data not available 4. what geometry might arise if alternate atoms from the vertices of octahedral complex? a) tetrahedronb)square planar c) square pyramidd) no change‏

Links for further reading Reference websites: Books: Inorganic Chemistry, James Huheey

Summary: sp hybridization gives rise to linear complexes.Common example is [Ag(NH3)2]+ sp2 hybridisation gives rise to triagonal planar geiometry. Common example is [HgI3]+ sp3 hybridisation leads to tetrahedral geometry, Common example is [FeBr4]2- dsp2 hybridisation leads to square planar geometry. Common example is [Ni(CN)4]2- sp3d leads to a triagonal planar geometry. Common example is [CuCl5]3- sp3d2 leads to an octahedral structure.. Common example is [CoNH3]3+ Pentagonal bipyramidal structure is obtained due to sp3d2 hybridisation.. Common example is [VCn7]4- You can predict the shape the molecule might acquire given the formula of compound. You can predict the formula of compound given the shape of the molecule. CAUTION! However it is not always true, the electronic configuration of central atom is also important.